Lecture Topic 8: Haematology I

What type of connective tissue is blood?

Fluid connective tissue

What are the % of cells and plasma in blood?

45% cells / 55% plasma

What is the normal range of plasma in blood? In %

46 - 63%

What are the components of plasma? Include %

Water 92% / plasma protein 7% / other solutes 1%

What could be in the 1% ‘other solutes’ category within plasma?

Electrolytes / organic nutrients / waste

What is the function of plasma?

Transport - inorganic and organic molecules, formed elements and heat

What are all the plasma proteins in the plasma?

Albumin / globulin / fibrinogen / regulatory proteins

What is the major plasma protein?

Albumin 

Which plasma protein is important for maintaining osmotic pressure?

Albumin 

What is an important function of Albumin in the blood plasma?

Maintaining osmotic pressure 

Which plasma protein is linked to blood clotting?

Fibrinogen 

What is an example of a regulatory protein (in plasma)?

Hormones

What defence mechanisms can the blood do?

Antibodies / WBC / clotting factors 

What is ‘-poiesis’?

To produce

What is hemopoiesis?

Formation of blood cellular components

What is the name of the origin stem cell that haematopoiesis starts off with?

Multipotential hematopoietic stem cell / Hemocytoblast

What does the ‘-blast’ part mean in terms of cells?

When a cell is immature 

What 2 cells can multipotential hematopietic stem cell differentiate into?

Common myeloid progenitor / common lymphoid progenitor

What can the common myeloid progenitor differentiate into?

Megakaryocyte / erythrocyte / mast cell / myeloblast

What can the common lymphoid progenitor differentiate into?

Small lymphocyte / natural killer cell 

What cell can differentiate into B and T lymphocytes? 

Small lymphocytes 

What does the small lymphocytes differentiate into?

B / T lymphocytes 

What can a myeloblast differentiate into?

Basophil / neutrophil / eosinophil / monocyte 

What is erythropoiesis?

The production of RBCA

State the stages of erythropoiesis In order. (Do not name the cells in each stage)

Stem cell / committed cell / developmental pathway phase 1-3 / erythrocyte

What is phase 1 in the developmental pathway in erythropoiesis?

Ribosome synthesis

At what point in erythropoiesis, is haemoglobin produced?

The development 

What is the name of the committed cell during erythropoiesis?

Proerythroblast 

What is the name of the cell during erythropoiesis, when the nucleus is ejected. 

Nomoblast 

What does the nomoblast differentiate into, before it becomes a erythrocyte?

Reticulocyte 

What is phase 2 in the developmental pathway in erythropoiesis?

Hemoglobin accumulation

What is phase 3 in the developmental pathway in erythropoiesis?

Ejection of nucleus

What are the requirements of erythropoiesis?

Erythropoietin / iron / vit B12 / folic acid / intrinsic factor / amino acid

Where is the ‘intrinsic factor’ produced from?

Parietal cells in stomach

What is the intrinsic factor for?

Carry / help absorb vit B12 into our body

What is the hormone needed for erythropoiesis?

Erythropoietin / EPO 

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) released from?

Kidney / liver 

What is the stimulus that causes the release of erythropoietin (EPO)?

O2 levels

Where does erythropoiesis occur in foetuses?

Early in yolk sac / then liver & spleen / later in bone marrow

Where does erythropoiesis occur in infants?

All bone marrow

Where does erythropoiesis occur in adults?

Only red bone marrow

What are examples of red bone marrows?

Ribs / vertebrae / skull / upper ends of long bones

Where does aged / damaged RBC get broken down?

Macrophages

What components does hemoglobin get split into?

Heme / globin