Bio Quiz Ch 10-12

10. What are viruses made out of?

Viruses are made out of Nucleic Acids that are wrapped in protein.

10. What are the 3 unique properties of DNA?

DNA is unique because it has the ability to store genetic info, to copy it, and to pass the info from one generation to the next.

10. What are the Monomers and Polymers of DNA?

The monomers of DNA are Nucleotides that combine to form a polymer of Polynucleotide.

10. What is DNA made out of?

DNA is made out of Nitrogen bases that are joined by the Sugar-phosphate backbone.

10. Which Nitrogen bases are Single ringed and which are double ringed?

Thymine and Cytosine are Single Ringed and adenine and guanine are Double Ringed.

10. Which Enzymes leads the process of Transcription in DNA replication? What does it do>

Transcription is led by the Enzyme Polymerase that makes the covalent bonds between nucleotides.

10. Does DNA replication happen in Mitosis or Miosis?

DNA replication happens in both Mitosis and Miosis.

10. What are the Nitrogen bases linked by in the center of DNA?

The bases are linked together by a Hydrogen Bond.

10. What are the two stages of making protein?

The first stage to making protein is Transcription, where the info of DNA is used to make RNA. The second stage is Translation where the info of RNA is then used to make proteins.

10. What is a Codon?

A Codon is a series of related Genes within DNA and RNA. Codons come in groups of three genes.

10. What is the name of the Start signal Codon?

The start signal codon is the Promoter.

10. What are the three steps of both Transcription and Translation?

The three steps of Transcription and Translation are Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.

10. What is the Codon that ends a gene?

The Codon that ends a gen is the Terminator.

10. What happens in each step of Translation?

First, Initiation where the RNA Polymerase attaches to the Promoter Codon of the DNA.

Next, Elongation where the RNA Polymerase travels down the DNA, transcribing the DNA Codons into an elongating RNA.

Finally, Termination where the RNA Polymerase reaches the Terminator Codon, releases the completed RNA molecule, and detaches from the DNA.

10. What are the 2 steps of RNA Processing?

After a RNA molecule it created, it must be processed in the nucleus before Translation.

First, extra Nucleotides are added to each end of the RNA molecule, these are called the Cap and Tail.

Second, the RNA molecule has it’s Introns removed and it’s Exons spliced together. This process is RNA Splicing and creates Messenger RNA/ mRNA

10. What happens in Initiation of Translation?

In Initiation, during Translation, the mRNA created from Transcription and processed slides between the Large and Small subunits of a Ribosome. Then, a tRNA connects to the P site of the Ribosome and connect it’s Anticodon to the Promoter codon of the mRNA to start Translation.

10. What is a tRNA and it’s purpose?

tRNA is a Transfer RNA and is responsible for transferring Amino Acids for proteins.

10. What are the Reactants of Translation?

The Reactants of translation are mRNA, ATP, Ribosomes, and tRNA with Amino Acids.

10. What happens in Elongation of Translation?

In Elongation, more tRNA attach their Anticodons to the codons of the mRNA to Elongate the Polypeptide by adding more Amino Acids.

10. What happens in Termination of Translation?

In Termination, the tRNA finally reach the Terminator Codon, stopping translation, releasing the finished Protein, and separating the two halves of the ribosome.

10. What are the parts of the Ribosome?

The Ribosome is made out of two Subunits, the Small and Large Subunits and within the Large subunit there are the P site and the A site.

10. What are the 4 types of Mutations?

The four mutations are Silent Mutation: when a bas change results in the same amino acid as before, a Missense Mutation: a single nucleotide and amino acid is changed, a Nonsense Mutation: when a stop signal amino acid is created, and a Frameshift Mutation: When a Deletion or Insertion of an amino acid that shifts the entire sequence of amino acids.

10. What are Mutagens?

Mutagens are outside sources that cause mutations.

10. Are Viruses considered living?

Despite having DNA/RNA , viruses are no considered living because they are not made of cells and do not reproduce on their own.

10. What are Bacteriophages?

Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria.

10. what types of Nucleic Acids do plant viruses and animal viruses have?

Plant viruses have RNA while Animal viruses can have RNA or DNA.

10. What extra part do Animal Viruses usually have?

Animal Viruses usually have a phospholipid membrane around it.

10. What makes Herpes Virus unique?

Herpes Virus is unique because it reproduces in the host’s nucleus instead of the cytoplasm.

10. What is a Retrovirus? Molecule?

A Retrovirus is a virus that has RNA but uses DNA to reproduce with molecules called Reverse Transcriptase

10. What are Viroids and Prions?

Viroids are tiny pathogens that are small RNA molecules that infect plants. Prions are tiny pathogens that are misfolded protein that infect brain cells.

11. What is the difference between Gene Regulation and Gene Expression?

Gene Regulation is the ability to turn certain genes within a cell on and off, creating different types of cells. Gene Expression is the process of turning DNA into a protein through Transcription and Translation.

11. What is an Operon?

An Operon is a stretch of three genes that control a specific function.

11. What are Promoter genes and Operator genes?

Promoter genes start transcription and Operator genes are the on and off switch of a gene.

11. What protein turns genes on and which turns them off?

Activator proteins bind to DNA to turn a gene on, Repressor proteins will bind to the operator gene to stop the production of RNA.

11. What is DNA Packing? Give an example?

DNA Packing is when a chromosome is condensed so that it is not used, for example the X Chromosome is packed in female mammals.

11. What are Transcription Factors and Silencers?

Transcription Factors are proteins that help Transcription by binding the Promoter to DNA Sequences called Enhancers. Silencers are proteins that inhibit the start of Transcription.

11. What is Alternate RNA Splicing?

Alternate RNA Splicing happens during RNA Processing when the Exons are spliced together, they can be organized in different orders that create different mRNA.

11. What are 2 ways Proteins can influence Gene Regulation?

When certain Proteins are broken into useable pieces this will trigger a gene to activate. Also when Proteins are digested and broken down completely this will turn on a gene to create more.

11. What is Cell Signaling?

Cell Signaling is when a Signal Transduction Pathway is created between cells so one cell can send a Signal molecule to the Receptor Protein of the other to Regulate a gene.

11. What are Homeotic Genes?

Homeotic Genes are genes that regulate entire other groups of genes that determine body part development.

11. What is the process of Nuclear Transplantation and what is Reproductive Cloning?

Nuclear Transplantation is the process of removing the nucleus of an egg/zygote and replacing it with the nucleus of an already adult cell. This is considered Reproductive Cloning because it results in the birth of a new animal.

11. What is the difference between an Oncogene and a Proto-Oncogene?

An Oncogene is a mutated gene that causes cancer while a Proto-Oncogene is a healthy gene that has the potential to become an Oncogene.

11. Why are Proto-Oncogenes at risk of mutating?

Proto-Oncogenes control Growth Factors, how cells regulate mitosis rate, which when mutated causes cancer to grow out of control.

12. What makes an organism Genetically Modified?

A Genetically Modified organism has at least 1 gene from artificial means.

12. What is a Transgenic organism? What is a Transgenic Organism’s DNA called?

A Transgenic Organism has a gene from another organism, usually a different species. A Transgenic Organism has Recombinant DNA.

12. What are Plasmids? What they used for?

Plasmids are small DNA molecules that duplicate separately from the chromosomes. Scientists will use Bacterial Plasmids, like E. Coli, for Gene Cloning.

12. How is Recombinant DNA made?

Recombinant DNA is made by combining a bacterial Plasmid and the gene of interst.

12. What are the steps of making recombinant DNA?

1. The Restriction Enzyme attaches to the Restriction Site of the gene of interest and cuts it in half

2. Then a DNA fragment from the other source (Bacterial Plasmid) is added in between the gene of interest.

3. Each DNA fragment then sticks together off base pairs.

4. Finally, a DNA Ligase comes in and joins the fragments together into Recombinant DNA

12. What is the CRISPR system? What can this be used for?

The CRISPR is another type of gene editing that can editing the nucleotide sequence of a living cell. This can be used to learn the function of a gene or fix a mutation.

12. What was Humulin?

Humulin was the first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product that created insulin using Transgenic Bacteria.

12. What is Human Gene Therapy?

Human gene Therapy introduces non mutated genes into a person to cure a disease. It has not been that successful.

12. What is DNA Profiling?

DNA is a technique in Forensics where the Repetitive DNA, the DNA between genes that are repeated, have their lengths compared to see if they match.

12. What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction?

A technique where a small segment of DNA is targeted and copied until a complete DNA sequence can be created.

12. What is STR Analysis?

STR Analysis is the process of comparing the Short Tandem Repeats, short segments of DNA that are repeated.

12. What are Bioinformatics, Genomics, and Proteomics?

Bioformatics is the study and storing of DNA Sequences. Genomics is the study of complete sets of genes. Proteomics is the study of full protein sets creates by genomes.

12. What was the Human Genome Project?

The Human Genome Project was a world wide endevour in the 90’ to sequence the entire human genome.