gen bio 1 exam 2 study

what are alveolates ?

they have alveoli or sacs beneath the cell membrane

what are alveolates usually?

1. unicellular

2. photosynthetic

what are examples of alveolates?

1. dinoflagellates

2. apicomplexans

3. ciliates

what are dinoflagellates ?

these are a type of aveolate

what are dinoflagellates usually?

marine

photosynthetic

primary producers (they make their own food)

what do some dinoflagellates cause ?

red tides

what is another way that dinoflagellates live?

they can also live as photosynthetic endosymbionts that live in the cells of other organisms like corals !

what are apicomplexans

parasites

what is the apical complex ?

this is a tip concentrated with organelles that allows the parasite to enter the host cells

what is unique about the lifestyle of apicomplexans ?

it is uniqu and usually has two different type of hosts

what are examples of apicomplexans ?

plasmodium - causes malaria

toxoplasma - alternate between cats and rats as hosts

ciliates

have numerous cilia

are mostly heterotrophic but some have photosynthetic endosymbionts

have complex body forms and two different type of nuclei

paramecium have what ? how is this thing structured?

a pellicle

pellicles have an outer membrane and an inner layer of alveoli that surround cilia bases.

what apart of the pellicle is defensive ?

the trichocysts

what are types fo ciliates?

paramicum

didinium nasutum

trichodina

function of contractile vacuoles

they excreet excess water by water first collecting in the cv, and the cv then contracting to expel water from the cell

describe diatoms

these are stramenopiles that are unicellular but also form filaments

what do only male diatoms have ?

flagella

describe more about diatoms…

they are photosynthetic and primary producers of the ocean and freshwater systems

what gives diatoms their color and what color is this ?

caratenoids give diatoms their yellow/brownish color

how are diatoms physically structured

radically or bilaterally symetrical

what do diatoms deposit into the cell walls and how is this thing structured ?

they deposit silica into the cell walls and this is constructed into two pieces like a petri plate

diatomaceous earth

used as a filtering media

how is asexual reproduction done ?

by binary fission

describe the asexual reproduction done by diatoms

the tops and bottoms of the “petri dish” become the new tops and bottoms of the new daughter cells

what woudl eventualyl happen to the cells formed from the smaller plate?

it would eventually disappear

what does the diatom do to combat the smaller plate disappearing ?

seggsual reproduction is done to result in larger cells

gametes fuse to form a zygote which grows substantially before a new cell wall is laid down

describe the cellularity of brown algae

it is multicellular and can grow very large like giant kelp

what gives brown algae its color?

the carotenoid fucoxanthin

brown algae is mostly what ?

marine

what are examples of brown algae

sargassum which forms dense mats

how does brown algae attach to rocks ?

through a holdfast that glues to the rock

what is the glue made out of

alginic acid which is a gummy polymer

what else does alginic acid hold together ?

cells and filaments

what else is alginic acid used for

emulsifier in ice cream

cosmetics

what are two examples of oomycetes?

water molds

downy mildews

what are water molds

absoprtive heterotrophs

they secrete enzymes that digest large food molecules into smaller food molecules that can be absorbed

oomycetes are…

saprobic meaning that they feed on dead organic matter

downy mildews

decomposers or plant parasites that attack avocados, grapes etc.

what is unique about rhizaria?

1. they are unicellular

2. aquatic organisms w/ long pseudopods

radiolarians are a type of…

rhizaria

radiolarians have what type of symmetry ?

radial symmetry

describe radiolarians pseudopods

they are thin, stuff pseudopods that are reinforded by microtubules

what is the primary function of pseudopods

to increase surface area for exchange of materials

to help the cell float

radiozarians are exclusively…

marine

have glossy internal skeletons with elaborate designs

what are the types of excavates ?

1. diplomonads and parabasalids

2. heterolobosea

3. euglenids

4. kinetoplastids

do diplomonads and parabasalids have mitochondria ?

no

describe giardia and lamblia

1. it is a type of diplomonad

2. it has 2 nuclei and multiple flagella

3. it is a water borne parasite that causes the intestinal diseases giardiases

what do parabasalids have ?

an undulating membrane for locomotion in addition to flagella

trichomonas

related to parabasalids that cause stds like trichomoniasis

what type of body do heterolobosea have ?

an ameobid body form

what is a type of heterolobosea disease ?

naegleria that can cause disease to the nervous system

amebic encephalitis - brain eating ameobia