Comptia plus 2

Windows 10

• World’s most used desktop operating systems. • Used in both businesses and homes

Linux

• Uses by my power users and servers• Open Source mostly can be downloaded for free

macOS

• Mostly used by home or small business users

Chrome OS

A Linux-based operating system that uses Chrome as its main interface

iPadOS

Used on Apple’s Ipad devices

iOS

Uses on Apple Iphone’s

Android

Uses on other manufacture mobile devices such as Samsung, Sony, or Goolge

Fat 32 advantages

Most compatible file system

Fat 32 disadvantages

Partitions are limited to 32GB, File are limited to 4GB, No security features

New technology file system (NTFS) advantages

supports partitions bigger than 32GB, Supports files bigger then 4GB, Disk quotas, File and folder compression, File system security, file and folder permission, Encrypting file system.

New technology file system (NTFS) disadvantages

Only officially compatible with Windows.

exFat advantages

More compatible than NTFS, Supports partitions bigger than 32GB, Supports files bigger then 4GB

exFat disadvantages

no security features

macOS File Systems

HFS+ (Hierarchical File System Plus)• APFS (Apple File System )

macOS does support read and write access to FAT32 and exFAT partitions

but only support read-only access to NTFS partitions.

Linux File Systems

ext3 (Third Extended File System)• ext4 (Fourth Extended File System)

Linux can read and write to

NTFS, FAT32, exFAT, and HFS+.

Optical Disc File Systems

• CDFS (Compact Disc File System)• UDF (Universal Disc Format)

All operating systems have an

End-of-life (EOL)

End-of-life (EOL)

When the manufacture stop supporting the operating system

Windows 7 EOL was

1/14/202

Once it reaches it’s EOL their will

be no updates to the OS.

Compatibility concerns between Oss

• Application are developed to run on a specific OS. • Some application has different version for Windows or Mac and some don’t

Check the following before attempting to Install Windows:

• CPU • RAM • Storage Requirement

Boot methods

USB, Optical media, Network, Solid-state/flash drives, Internet-based, External/hot-swappable drive, Internal hard drive (partition)

Boot methods USB

OS files stored on a USB Stick

Boot methods Optical media

OS files stored on a DVD or Blue Ray

Boot methods Network

• Files are stored on a network server and download to the compute when installing. Used on large deployments. • WDS (Windows Deployment Service) running on a Windows Server• The target computer must support network booting often noted as PXE (Preboot Execution Environment

Boot methods Solid-state/flash drives

OS files stored on a USB Stick

Boot methods Internet-based

Files are downloaded from the internet when installing. Mostly used on linux.

Boot methods External/hot-swappable drive

OS files stored on an external Hard drive.

Boot methods Internal hard drive (partition)

OS files stored on an internal drive

Types of installations

Clean Installation, Upgrade Installation (In Place Upgrade), Requirements, Upgrade considerations, Network Install/Deployment (OS Deployment), Recovery Partition Installation, Cloning / Imaging (Ghosting), Repair Installation

Clean Installation

This is the most common way to install Windows onto a single PC.

Clean Installation Requirements

• An empty hard drive• Bootable installation media (DVD/USB)

Upgrade Installation (In Place Upgrade)

This is the easiest option if you just want to replace Windows but keep all your data and compatible applications in place.

Upgrade Installation (In Place Upgrade) Requirements

• A previous bootable version of Windows already installed• Installation media on removable media or stored locally

Upgrade Installation (In Place Upgrade) Upgrade considerations

• Backup files and user preferences• Application and driver support/backward compatibility• Hardware compatibility

Network Install/Deployment (OS Deployment)

This is the fastest way to install Windows on many computers since you’re doing over the network.

Network Install/Deployment (OS Deployment) Requirements

• WDS (Windows Deployment Service) running on a Windows Server• The target computer must support network booting often noted as PXE (Preboot Execution Environment).

Cloning / Imaging (Ghosting)

Duplicates the entire software installation of a system. This includes the operating system, drivers, applications, and configurations. This can be done by directly connecting a hard drive or over the network.

Before you clone the drive, you must run

“SysPrep” to remove security IDs that are generated for activation purposes.

Recovery Partition Installation

Pre-Built systems sold with an operating system already installed will either include a recovery partition with the operating system, drivers, and other bundled software.

Post-Installation

Install OS Updates to assure the system has the latest features and security updates.

Upgrade Drivers to manufactures latest drivers is required. (Post Installation)

Microsoft has greatly improved relationships with hardware manufactures so they can deliver updated drivers.

(Post installation) Restoring User Data files that are required for their work from

their older system or a backup

Partition Table Formats

• Logical segments of a physical hard drive. • Created for data separation.

MBR (Master Boot Record)

• This is the first sector of a MBR partitioned drive and contains code that informs the system about installed OS. • Allows for 4 primary partitions. • Limited to 2.2 TB partitions

GPT (GUID Partition Table)

• Theoretically allows for unlimited primary partitions. • Windows is limited to 128 primary partitions by design. • NOT limited to 2.2 TB partitions.

Primary Partitions

• These partition are used to boot an operating system. If you have multiple operating systems on one disk they each will require their own primary partitions.

Extended Partitions

• These partition are used to overcome the four primary partition limit. • A single extended partition can contain many logical drives, each logical drive appears as a partition but can not be used to store the OS.

Hidden partition

• Often used by OEMs to store system recovery data (recovery partitions).

• Swap partition

• Used a virtual memory by some operating systems.

Drive format

Full Format,Quick Format

Full Format

Runs an additional step that checks the hard drive for any bad sectors.

Quick Format

• Drive is not checked for bad sectors

An operating system(OS) is required

to get any functionality out of a computer system.

There are many types of OSes,

each with their own features and functions but they all provide these basics.

Common Functions

• Interface to interact with the system• Drivers to communicate to the hardware• Applications to provide additional functionality• File Management features to copy, move, and delete files • Network Connectivity to connect to local resources and the internet • System Security to prevent access from unauthorized users

Closed Source operating systems

are only available from a single organization.

Open-Source operating systems

can be distributed by many different organizations and the code can be freely modified.

Microsoft windows, Apple Mac os, Google chrome os, Apple IOS/ iPad IOS

are all closed source

Linux and Google android are open source

are open souced.

Command Line Interface (CLI)

This kind of OS is controlled by typing commands into a prompt.

The most commonly known Command Line OS

is DOS and Cisco’s IOS.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• This OS uses graphics. • provides the icons we click on and the mouse pointer that lets us click on them

Every version of Windows has a

GUI that we use to interact with it.

User Interfaces

Command Line Interface (CLI) and Graphical User Interface (GUI)

It is essential to pick an edition of Windows

that is appropriate for the user not just the one with the most features. This minimizes the waste or system resources and money

Windows 10 Home Target group

Consumer users

Windows 10 Pro and Windows 10 Pro for Workstations / Enterprise Target group

Corporate users

Which Windows 10 additions has NTFS Encryption, Hyper-V, Bitlocker and Group policy

Windows 10 Pro and Windows 10 Pro for Workstations / Enterprise

Windows 10 home only has Remote desktop for Client

Client Only

Windows 11 Editions

• Home • Pro • Enterprise

Which Windows 11 additions has NTFS Encryption, Hyper-V, Bitlocker and Group policy

Enterprise and Pro

Windows 10 and windows 11 are

pretty much the same

windows 11 enterprise is for

Large organizations.

N” Versions

• Versions of Windows without media-related technologies • Required due to European Union regulations• Applies to Home N, Pro N, Enterprise N

N” Versions Removed components:

• Windows Media Player • Voice Recorder • Music and Video apps • Certain media codecs • Skype removed (varies by version)

(N version) What this means:

• Users may need to manually install media packs• Some apps may not function until codecs are installed

Windows 11 requires

TPM 2.0

TPM =

a secure crypto-processor built into the motherboard

TPM provides

• Secure Boot key storage• BitLocker encryption support• Credential Guard & Windows Hello protection

TPM can be

• Discrete TPM chip on the motherboard• Firmware TPM(fTPM) built into CPU

Without TPM 2.0,

Windows 11 cannot install

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

• Replaces legacy BIOS • Required for Windows 11 installation

UEFI Must support:

• UEFI mode (not legacy) • Secure Boot

Benefits vs. BIOS:

• Faster startup • Supports larger drives (GPT) • Better security features • Modern interface & mouse support

• UEFI + Secure Boot + TPM 2.0

= full Windows 11 trusted boot chain

Upgrade Installation (In Place Upgrade)

• Replace Windows but keep all your data and compatible applications in place.

Upgrade Installation (In Place Upgrade) Requirements

• A previous bootable version of Windows already installed• Installation media on removable media or stored locally.

Upgrade Installation (In Place Upgrade) Upgrade considerations

• Backup files and user preferences• Application and driver support/backward compatibility• Hardware compatibility

• In-place upgrade to Windows 10

• Windows 7 • Windows 8.1 (Upgrade 8.0 to 8.1)

• In-place upgrade to Windows 11

• Windows 10

• Upgrade considerations

• Backup files and user preferences• Application and driver support/backward compatibility• Hardware compatibility• Downgrade from a Pro 7 to a home 10 will result in losing certain setting.

Task Manager Processes

• Displays all running processes including background processes. • Non-responsive processes can be closed here.

Task Manager Performance

Displays performance graphs

Task Manager Users

• Displays currently logged-in users• It is possible to log out users in this tab

Startup

Disable or enable auto-starting applications

taskmgr

can be used to launch the task manager via a run box