Germany: Development of Dictatorship, 1918-45 Cartes

8 Mark Structure

One effect of ... on ... was ... . For Example, ... . This led to ... . Moreover ... . As a result ... . therefore one effect of ... on ... was ...

Explain 2 effects of defeat in the First World War on Germany.

Establishment of a German Republic - forced Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate on 9/11/18, fled to holland, SPD established Weimar constitution/government by Fredreich Ebert, Germany became a democracy

Negative Economic Impact — Germany lost 13% of land (iron ore rich Alsace-Lorraine), £6.6 billion in war reparation payments straining what was left of the German economy, French and Belgium occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 leading to hyperinflation

Explain 2 effects of the German Revolution (1918-19) on Germany.

Establishment of a German Republic - forced Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate on 9/11/18, fled to holland, SPD established Weimar constitution/government by Fredreich Ebert, Germany became a democracy

Resentment Towards Weimar Republic - new government signed the armistice on 11/11/18, 'November criminals'/'stab in the back' myth, immediate bias and resentment against the government, blamed Weimar for future problems

Explain 2 effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany

Negative Economic Impact — Germany lost 13% of land (iron ore rich Alsace-Lorraine), £6.6 billion in war reparation payments straining what was left of the German economy, French and Belgium occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 leading to hyperinflation

Decreased Support for Weimar Government — 'stab in the back'/'November criminals' myths, undermining legitimacy, Freikorps and Kapp Putsch 1920 to overthrow the Weimar and install autocratic government,

Explain 2 effects of the Weimar Constitution on Germany.

Made Stable Unified Government Impossible - proportional representation meant tiny extremist parties got seats, no single party had majority and could not pass laws, so unstable parties could never agree, article 48 (bypass the Reichtag) invoked over 100 times before 1933

Gave President Exploitative Powers - no set definition of what is considered 'emergency', article 48 gave chancellors too much power, coalition government collapsed, divided the Reichtag further leading to even further stability

Explain 2 effects of the challenges from the Right on the Weimar Republic.

Exposed the Weakness of Weimar Government - 1920 Kapp Putsch, 12m people went on strike and military refused to fire on Freikorps, 1923 Munich Putsch, highlighted incompetence as a result of hyperinflation

Decrease in Popularity of Weimar Republic - 'stab in the back'/'November criminals', spread idea that war was not lost but Weimar Republic surrendered, damaged Weimar republics reputation, gained support for right wing parties (NSDAP)

Explain 2 effects of the 1920 Kapp Putsch on Germany.

Undermined the Weimar Republic - Wolfgang Kapp and Freikorps seized government quarters in Berlin, army refused to open fire, 12m people went on strike + cut off gas/electricity/water, seized newspaper/radio outlets, spreading propaganda messages nationwide

Encouraged Future Extremist Uprisings - 1919 communist spartacist uprising, right wing app patch, showed the success of militant uprisings, encouraged more in the future

Explain 2 effects of the 1923 French occupation of the Ruhr on Germany.

Occupation Triggered Hyperinflation - Germany failed to make the December 1922 reparations payment, France and Belgium sent 750,000 troops to the Ruhrland (80% of industry), Weimar promoted strikes/resistance, printed money to pay these workers but no more resources produced

Deceased Support for Weimar Republic - seen as incompetent for how they dealt with the situation, lost support, right wing Putsch (Munich Putsch) 1923, rise in popularity of extremist groups like NSDAP

Explain 2 effects of the 1923 hyperinflation on Germany

German Mark Became Worthless — over 20,000% inflation, bread increased from 0.5 marks to 201 billion marks, pensions worth nothing, people with debts could easily pay it off

Deceased Support for Weimar Republic - seen as incompetent for how they dealt with the situation, lost support, right wing Putsch (Munich Putsch) 1923, rise in popularity of extremist groups like NSDAP

Explain 2 effects of the work of Gustav Stresemann on Germany in the years 1923-29.

Improved Germany's International Reputation - negotiated League of Nations in 1926, Germany was given a seat on the council, signed Lorcano Treaties in 1925, relieving tension around borders (Alsace-Lorraine/Rhineland)

Stabilised Germany's Economy - introduced the rentenmark in 1923, eliminating hyperinflation as the currency was backed by agriculture/industry/land, negotiated Dawes plan in 1924 granting loans of $800m, reducing unemployment and increasing economic output

Explain 2 effects of the 1923 Rentenmark on Germany.

Ended Hyperinflation and Stabilised the Economy, introduced by Stresemann, backed by agriculture/land/industry, gave value to money, by 1927 German industrial output returned to pre war levels,

Restored Trust and Support to the Weimar Republic - paved the way for the Dawes plan n 1924, giving Germany loans of $800m, boosting economic output, economic recovery

Explain 2 effects of the 1924 Dawes Plan on Germany.

Economic Support — reparations temporarily reduced (£50 million), increasing accordance with the improvement/strengthening of Germany's economy, and a loan granted of $800m to businesses/industry, led to golden era, unemployment fell

Germany Became Dangerously Dependant on USA - during the Wall Street crash of 1929, American banks recalled their loans, unemployment decreased, people turned to the Nazi's

Explain 2 effects of the 1929 Young Plan on Germany.

Reduced War Repairtions - war reparations down to £2bn from £6.6bn and extended the period for another 57 years, relieving economic pressure from Germany, increased support for Weimar Government

Increased Resistance from Right Wing Parties - Hitler and Baron Alfred argued this would burden further generations, Hugenburg's media captured and publicised this view, decreasing support for weimar government, increasing support for NSDAP

Explain 2 effects of the 1925 Locarno Treaties on Germany.

Political Impact — improved international relations as Germany treated as equal to other nations with 7 countries, settling border disputes, improved international coordination with Poland/Czechoslovakia/Italy

Economic Impact — French and Belgian forces ended their occupation of the Ruhr, boosting German industrial output, leading to Stresemann golden age

Explain 2 effects of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact on Germany.

Allowed Germany to Return to the World Stage - agreed by 65 nations to outlaw war as a tool for foreign policy, Germany seen as a partner rather than opposition, financial support given and ToV renegotiated (Young Plan)

Led to Reduced Total Reparations - Germany's corporation increased support to sign Young Plan in 1929 to reduce total reparations from £6.6bn to £2bn and extended the reparations period for 59 more years

Explain 2 effects of the Munich Putsch on the Nazi Party in the years 1923-28.

Short Term Disaster - Putch failed, Hitler fled and was found in a barn, Hitler found guilty of treason sent to prison for 5 years, NSDAP suspended

Used Trial as a Stage to Increase Support - used trial as a stage to position himself as a nationalist fighting for German people, gained support for the party, only served 9 months and wrote mein kampf

Explain 2 effects of Nazi Party reorganisation, in the years 1924-28, on the Nazi Party.

Increased Support for the NSDAP - after Hitler's 1923 failed Munich Putch release of Mein Kampf, building credibility by structured ideology, spreading beliefs to be understood by more people, more people to support the party

Change in Strategy - national headquarters set up in Munich, divided Germany into 34 districts with a Nazi rep in each, building legitimacy to gain power through democratic ways, increasing electoral support

Explain 2 effects of the Great Depression on Germany in the years 1929-33.

Unemployment and Economic Collapse - US banks recalled loans overnight, leading to unemployment to rise from 1.5m in 1929 to 6m+ in 1932, bruning rose taxes and cut welfare, leading to hyperinflation where pensions became worthless

Increase in Support for NSDAP - 1928 12 seats /1930 107 seats/1932 230 seats, making them the largest party but not yet having a majority, hitler becoming the chancellor later on

Explain 2 effects of the SA on the Nazi Party's success.

Strengthened the Image of the NSDAP - all large political parties (KPD) had large paramilitary groups, intimidate opponents, expanded to 400k by 1930, creating image of power and order

Anti-communist Measures Gained the NSDAP Funding - NSDAP framed as a right wing political group, Hitler promised to protect the interests of wealthy businessmen gaining funding for political campaigns

Explain 2 effects of the 1933 Reichstag Fire on Nazi control.

Electoral Growth - Dutch communist Van Der Lubbe charged for arson, communist party (81 seats) suspended from march 1933 elections, 2000 leaders jailed, gained 288 seats 2/3 majority

Hitler's Consolidation of Power - convinced Hindenburg to let him invoke article 48, bypassing the Reichtag to pass 'Law for the Protection of People and State', eliminating political opponents, eventually able to pass the Enabling Act

Explain 2 effects of the 1933 Enabling Act on Germany.

Removal of Civil Liberties - personal freedoms removed, abolition in freedom of speech, opposition led to imprisonment, later on outlawed trial by jury and allowed arrests without warrants

Consolidation of Hitler's Power - Article 1 outlawed all opposition parties, ending democracy, abolished Weimar constitution renewed every 4 years, could pass laws independantly

Explain 2 effects of the 1934 Night of the Long Knives on Germany.

Consolidation of Power - By 1934 3,000,000 SA members were loyal to Rohm, Rohm opposed Hitlers policies, purged Ernst Rohm and Gregor Strasser, eliminating his key competition

Dissolved SA's Power - by peak in 1934 SA was larger than the army, army seemed insignificant, SA was uncontrollable and unpredictable, SA lost most of its power

Explain 2 effects of the Nazi police state on German people.

Climate of Fear - SS established Gustapo (secret police), constant fear and paranoia of being caught, by 1939 150k people detained or imprisoned by Gustapo without trial, increased civil obedience

Legal System Became Corrupted - all judges forced to join National Socialist League and swear loyalty to Hitler, number of crimes punishable by death increased from 3 in 1933 to 46 by 1943, enabling act led to trial by jury being outlawed and people being detained without warrants

Explain 2 effects of the police state on Germany, 1933-39.

Climate of Fear - SS established Gustapo (secret police), constant fear and paranoia of being caught, by 1939 150k people detained or imprisoned by Gustapo without trial, increased civil obedience

Legal System Became Corrupted - all judges forced to join National Socialist League and swear loyalty to Hitler, number of crimes punishable by death increased from 3 in 1933 to 46 by 1943, enabling act led to trial by jury being outlawed and people being detained without warrants

Explain 2 effects of Nazi rule on women in Germany.

Forced to be Traditional - made to dress modestly, not to smoke, introduction of Kinder/Kirche/Kuche/children/kitchen/church, forced to leave professional jobs (doctors/lawyers/teachers) to be housewives, to fit Hitlers ideal traditional family

Incentivised to Have Children - marriage loan of 1000 marks given, mothers crosses given for children (bronze/silver/gold in according to how many children), Lebensborn program by Himmler, breeding brothels for Aryan women to have children with SS officers (540)

Explain 2 effects of Nazi rule on young people in Germany.

Education Aimed for Indoctrination - Mein Kampf taught as a text, align with hitlers views from a young age, taught eugenics and racial studies, emphasise aryan superiority over jews

Establishment of Youth Groups - Hitler Youth for boys aged 14-18/League of German Maidens, conditioning for future roles, becomes compulsory in 1938, indoctrination from a young age

Explain 2 effects of Nazi rule on education in Germany in the years 1933-39.

Aim for Indoctrination - Mein Kampf taught as a text, align with hitlers views from a young age, taught eugenics and racial studies, emphasise aryan superiority over jews

Gender Divided Curriculum - boys taught maths in contexts of war and jews, install hatred, boys focused on PE/girls focused on domestic skills, prepare for futures in the army/housewife

Explain 2 effects of Nazi rule on the Churches in Germany in the years 1933-39.

Increased Tension Between Catholic Church and Regime - concordat signed in 1933, mutual understanding, no interference, Concordat broken, Pope Pius XI gave speech "with burning anxiety"

Increased Resistance - 40 million protestants in Germany, establishment of Confessional Church in 1934 by Neimoller and Bonhoeffer, 5000 members, challenging Nazi views, both sent to concentration camps

Explain 2 effects of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws on the lives of Jews living in Germany.

Officially Stripped Jews of Civil Liberties - renownced all citizenships/right to vote/interracial marriage, giving legal precedent for discrimination, impossible for Jews to challenge treatment

Removal of Jews from Jobs - Jewish doctors/lawyers unable to work for aryans, mandatory jewish identity cards, had to register all possessions, exclusion from German social and economic life

Explain 2 effects of Kristallnacht on Germany.

Turning Point in German Attitudes Towards Jews - 9-10 November 1938 nationalists took to the streets, destroyed 171 homes/191 synagogues/11 jews killed, 20,000 sent to concentration camps, forced to pay damages of 1bn marks

Damaged Germany's International Reputation - international community horrified, foreign press condemned actions, lack of repercussions led to escalation in antisemitic behaviour

Explain 2 effects of Nazi economic policies on Germany.

Unemployment Decreased - National Labour Service (DAF) introduced, made all abled men aged 18 and above work hard labour for 6 months to build the autobahns, decreased unemployment (1933 4.8m - 1938 0.5m)

Able to Rearm for War - four year plan in 1936 aimed to become self sufficient, rapid increase in industrial production, army grew to over 900k men

Explain 2 effects of Nazi social policies on German workers.

Trade Unions Abolished - enabling act outlawed all unions, replaced with German Labour Front, workers lost rights to collectively bargain, no proaction from exploitation

Improved Work Life - lower unemployment rates through autobahns construction (1933 4.8m - 1938 0.5m), Strength Through Joy gave out cinema tickets and savings for Volkswagen (peoples car) and cruise ships, people saw standards of living improve and became loyal to the regime

Explain 2 effects of ghettos on Jewish communities.

Loss of Freedom - segregated areas of town cities, curfews, often run down/poorly maintained

Increase in Disease - areas rundown, poor access to hygiene, due to overcrowding disease spreads quickly, 4000 people starved

Explain 2 effects of the Second World War on Jewish communities in Germany and the occupied territories.

Mass Murder by Einsatzgruppen - 1942 Final solution called for mass murder of Jews, deportation no longer suitable, death camps built in occupied territories, gas/bullets

Worsening Conditions in Ghettos - more money and resources funnelled towards the war effort, less money to tend to ghettos, infection/disease spread, famines leading to deaths

Explain 2 effects of the Second World War on the German Home Front in the years 1939-45.

Civilian Displacement — Allied bombings of Hamburg/Dresden, 3.6 million houses destroyed, 7.5 million people homeless, 300,000-400,000 civilians killed

Policy of Rationing - state allocated basic meals of bread and fruits to families deciding based on size, meals were often not enough, malnourishment and hunger, electricity and coal was also being rationed

Explain 2 effects of the Second World War on the role of women in Germany.

Increased Number of Women Working - more women returning to the workforce to take traditionally male dominated roles, support the war effort in manufacturing arms, women on front lines working as nurses

Increased Pressure to Remain Traditional - despite need for female contribution Hitler emphasised traditional values, stay home and support the family in absence of males who were fighting at war, 1941 only childless women worked

Explain 2 effects of the Second World War on opposition to the Nazi regime.

Increased Opposition from Leaders - more high ranking military leaders become dissatisfied with Hitlers policies/attitude, July bomb plot in 1944, attempt on Hitlers life

Increased Opposition from Civilians - students with higher educations opposed the regime, Edelweiss Pirates rebellious group listening to swing music and mixing with boys, white rose group

Explain 2 effects of Allied bombing on Germany during the Second World War.

Civilian Displacement — allied bombings of Hamburg/Dresden, 3.6 million houses destroyed, 7.5 million people homeless, 300,000-400,000 civilians killed,

Increased Morale - Goebbels used as propaganda, increased support for the war effort, increased conscription o feel national pride, unites Germans