Units 1 and 2: 1491-1754

division of labor

the type of arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job--this was a direct consequence of agriculture.

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans

Pueblo Indians

Southwest US Indians, built large irrigation systems, adobe structures, and were reliant on irrigation systems for agriculture.

Great Basin

The area between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas. Dry desert, mostly, characterized by nomadic tribes.

Great Plains

A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America, , characterized by nomadic tribes.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Powhatans

a group of Indians that helped the Jamestown settlers on the Atlantic Coast until relations eroded. They lived in mostly permanent dwellings called wigwams and relied heavily on agriculture.

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Columbian Exchange, from "Old World" to Americas

smallpox, livestock (pigs, cows, sheep), bees, bananas, coffee, sugar

Columbian Exchange, from "New World" to Americas

tomatoes, squash, potatoes, chocolate

Effects of the Columbian Exchange on Europe

Better diet- new foods- live longer- better health-greater wealth and power for certain countries

Effects of the Columbian Exchange on The Americas

i. Livestock and agriculture affect terrain and environment

ii. European diseases, like

smallpox decimate 95% of native population

iii. Attempt to enslave natives fails due to native knowledge of land for escaping, unreliable

labor force, harsh conditions

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Joint Stock Companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses; Jamestown was settled by a joint stock company

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America founded in 1607

Virginia Company

The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies

Chesapeake Bay Colonies

Virginia and Maryland; known especially for the farming of tobacco

Frontier of exclusion

a term used by historians to describe the way in which colonists deal with indigenous peoples by pushing the indigenous people off the land to make room for the colonists. (i.e. English colonists)

Frontier of Inclusion

Accepting the Native American as part of society, whether by converting them to Christianity or by marring Native American women (i.e. French or Spanish colonists)

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who wanted to completely separate from the church of England (also called "separatists"). They established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay

Rhode Island

A colony founded by Roger Williams, a banished Puritan, for the sake of creating a haven of religious tolerance.

Proprietary Colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment (i.e. Pennsylvania and Maryland)

Quakers (Society of Friends)

Religious group in England and America--settling mainly in Pennsylvania--whose members believed all persons possessed the "inner light," or the spirit of God; they were early proponents of the abolition of slavery, nonviolence, fair treatment of Native Americans, and equal rights for women.

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown. Its cultivation led to the growth in African slavery in the southern American colonies.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The local Indians were also resentful of evangelical "praying towns" in the area. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers (mostly former indentured servants) were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion marked an early uprising against colonial leadership from Britain and also a shift from relying on indentured servants for labor to relying more on African slaves.

Spanish Mission System

The Spanish network of missions in the New World established to bring Christianity to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Christian teachings.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Pueblo Revolt

1680: Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by exporting more goods than they imported

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty

autonomy

independence

evangelism

Spreading a faith or religion to others

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Anglicization

the colonial american desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture--a direct product of mercantilism

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Navigation Acts

1660: Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Economy of New England Colonies

depended on shipbuilding, whaling, and trade with the French West Indies; rocky soil made only small family farms possible

Economy of Middle Colonies

Trade and farming- Oats, Barley, Wheat. "Bread basket" of America

Economy of Southern Colonies

Rich soil and warm climate allowed for a long growing season and for the production of labor-intensive cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo) that depended on slavery

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Homogenous

the same throughout

Motivations for European exploration

God spread Christianity

Gold find Gold and other treasure in new world and become wealthy

Glory be the most powerful nation, with the most number of colonies

Sepulveda

He argued that the Indians were less than human and benefited from serving the Spanish.

West Indies

Caribbean Islands that were used largely for sugar plantations; most of the slaves imported from African were brought to the West Indies or to South America

Plantation System

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Racial Laws

A series of strict laws put in place in the southern colonies, particularly after Bacon's Rebellion, to prevent the uprising of African Slaves and to further dehumanize them.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Covert resistance to slavery

Method in which many slaves secretly resisted their enslavement through preserving cultural practices, slowing down their work, or sabotaging tools

Overt resistance to slavery

Method in which many slaves would publicly resist their enslavement through running away or causing a rebellion.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia. His marriage to Pocahontas brokered a temporary truce between the Indians and the colonists in Jamestown.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman (allegedly John Smith) paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress.

Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)

First representative assembly in the American colonies. Representatives immediately began to enact laws and to safeguard the individual rights. Setting precedent in the colonies for individual rights protected by law (British law did not provide for individual rights.)