biochemistry

Chemical analysis

1.Qualitative analysis:shows the containing elements

2.Quantitative analysis:determines the amount of element

Titration

A quantitative laboratory method

Used for determining the unknown concentration by using the known concentration solution

Classifications of titration

1. Acid-base titrations or acidimetry and alkalimetry

2. Oxidation-reduction titrations or redox titrations

3. Precipitation titrations

4. Complexometric titrations

Active anti acid drugs

1- sodium bicarbonate

2- calcium carbonate

3- aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide

Molisch test

General test for carbohydrate

Iodine test

Distinguishing between monosaccharide and polysaccharide

Benedicts test

Test for the presence of reducing sugar

Barfoed’s test

Distinguishing between monosaccharide and disaccharide

Bails test

Pentose

Seliwanoff’s test

Ketohexoses

Ninhydrin test

This test is positive for proteins and all products of protein hydrolysis including amino

acids.

Biuret test

Distinguishing between protein and amino acids

Xanthoprotic test

Aromatic amino acids

Sakagushi

This test is very sensitive for free and combined arginine.

Lead sulphide test

Presence or absence of cycteine and cyctine

Millions test

test for hydroxy phenyl group (tyrosine)

Urine composition

95% water

5% waste products, which are divided into

2% organic nitrogen

0.1% creatine

0.03% uric acid

Nephron

Function unit of kidney

It is two parts tubular and glomerular

Urine production process

1.Glomerular filtration of water and solutes from the blood.

2.Tubuler reabsorption of water and conserved molecules back into the blood.

3.Tubuler excretion (secretion) of ions and other waste products from surrounding capillaries

Kidney functions

1. Maintain the volume of the extracellular fluid

2. Maintain ionic balance

3. Maintain PH level

4. Excrete toxic metabolic products

5. It works as a endocrine

Kidney secreted hormones

1. Rennin

2. Erythropoietin

3. Calcitriol

Urine properties

1. Volume: normal 800-2000ml

2. Specific gravity(density): normal 1.003-1.030

3. Color: tint yellow which tends to red

4. Turbidity: clear And transparent

5. PH : 4.6–8.0 With average of 6.3

6. Odor : faint aromatic duo to volatile

What can cause change in urine color

1. Liver disease : changes to deep yellow to brown

2. Bile pigment: green

3. Blood : red

Inorganic substances in urine

1. Chloride : 10mg

2. Sulphate

3. Phosphate

Organic substances in urine

1. Urea : 80-90% of nitrogen in urine is in the form of urea

2. Uric acid : 0.7gm/day

3. Creatinine : end product of protein metabolism 1.4gm/day

You detect an amount of protein in urine what disease does it indicate

Proteinuria or albuminuria

Proteinuria is renal disease

And it is caused by excessive muscular exercise,pregnancy or after high protein meal

A patient excrete about 0.01-1gm of glucose per day through urine this indicates

Normal urine, no disease is detected

A patient goes to the clinic and the test results show large amount of glucose what is the condition ?

Glycosuria which indicates hyperglycemia or lowered renal threshold for glucose

A patient has a renal threshold of about 120mg/100ml for glucose that’s why they have ………… in their urine

Glucose

Normal threshold is between 160–190mg/100ml

Presence of ketone in urine indicates ….

Ketonuria

Can be caused if the glycogen supply in liver is depleted and deriving energy from stored fat or

increasing the catabolism of fats

……….. in urine indicates obstructive jaundice

Bile pigment ( bilirubin)

A patient with Hemolytic jaundice is suspected to have ………. In urine

Nothing

*in hemolytic jaundice bilirubin does NOT enter urine

When can we detect blood in urine (hematuria)

Acute glomerular nephritis

Infective endocarditis

Destructive lesions of urinary tract like tumors

Calculus

Tuberculosis