Pathophysiology and Cardiovascular/Respiratory Concepts Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards generated directly from the student's pathophysiology, immunity, cardiovascular, and respiratory system lecture notes.

Pathophysiology

The study of the biologic and physical manifestations of disease and the processes that lead to signs and symptoms.

Etiology

The cause of a disease.

Pathogenesis

The development of a disease.

Clinical Manifestations

The signs and symptoms associated with a disease.

Diagnosis

The identification of a disease.

Sickle Cell Disease

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by inheriting two HbS genes (homozygous) leading to sickled RBCs during low oxygen states.

Sickle Cell Trait

The heterozygous condition of possessing one normal HbA gene and one HbS gene.

Cystic Fibrosis

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defective CFTR gene, leading to defective chloride transport, thick sticky mucus, and salty-tasting skin.

Normal Sodium (Na) Range

The normal physiological level of sodium in the body, which is $135\text{--}145\text{ mEq/L}$.

Aldosterone

A hormone that increases sodium reabsorption, increases water retention, and raises blood pressure.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone whose main function is to conserve water in the body.

Third Spacing

The movement of fluid from the vascular space into tissues, leading to edema, hypovolemia, and hypotension.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity acquired through direct disease exposure, such as a chickenpox infection.

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity acquired via the natural transfer of antibodies, such as through the placenta or breast milk.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity induced by vaccination.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity provided through the injection of antibodies.

Type I Hypersensitivity

An immediate, IgE-mediated reaction involving histamine release, seen in anaphylaxis, rhinitis, asthma, and food allergies.

Type II Hypersensitivity

A cytotoxic reaction where antibodies attack cells, such as in a blood transfusion reaction.

Type III Hypersensitivity

An immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction, such as lupus.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A delayed T-cell response hypersensitivity, such as contact dermatitis.

Autoimmunity

A condition resulting from a loss of self-tolerance, wherein the body attacks its own tissues.

Phagocytosis

The ingestion and destruction of foreign material by leukocytes, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.

Serous Exudate

An exudate characterized as thin, clear, and watery.

Purulent Exudate

An exudate that is thick, cloudy, and contains pus.

Hemorrhagic Exudate

An exudate that contains blood.

Incubation Stage

The stage of infection from initial exposure to the period before symptoms appear.

Prodromal Stage

The stage of infection marked by the onset of mild, early symptoms.

Acute

The phase of infection where disease symptoms reach their peak.

Convalescent Stage

The recovery phase of infection characterized by tissue repair, pathogen elimination, and symptom resolution.

Benign Tumor

A tumor that is encapsulated, slow growing, noninvasive, and non-metastatic.

Malignant Tumor

A tumor that is invasive, poorly differentiated, infiltrates surrounding tissue, and has the capacity to metastasize.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells to distant organs, usually indicating Stage III or IV disease.

AIDS Diagnosis Threshold

A diagnosis made when an HIV-infected individual has a CD4 T-helper lymphocyte count of less than $200\text{ cells/mm}^3$.

Endocardium

The inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves.

Myocardium

The muscular layer of the heart responsible for pumping contraction.

Pericardium

The protective sac surrounding the heart.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the endocardium, often involving heart valves and formation of vegetations.

Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle, most commonly caused by viral infections.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardial sac, presenting with sharp chest pain that worsens when lying flat and a pericardial friction rub.

Stenosis

The narrowing of a heart valve opening, which increases cardiac workload and reduces forward blood flow.

Regurgitation

The failure of a heart valve to close completely, causing backward blood flow and chamber enlargement.

Heart Murmur

An abnormal sound caused by turbulent blood flow through damaged or dysfunctional valves.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Death of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged ischemia following coronary artery plaque rupture and thrombus formation.

Ischemia

Reduced blood supply to tissue resulting in inadequate oxygenation.

Infarction

Tissue death caused by prolonged ischemia.

Necrosis

Irreversible cell death.

Troponin

The most specific laboratory marker for myocardial injury.

SA Node

The heart's natural pacemaker, located in the right atrium.

Bradycardia

A resting heart rate of less than $60\text{ bpm}$.

Tachycardia

A resting heart rate of greater than $100\text{ bpm}$.

Atrial Fibrillation

Chaotic atrial electrical activity and ineffective atrial contraction, carrying a high risk of stroke and decreased cardiac output.

Ventricular Fibrillation

Chaotic ventricular activity with no effective cardiac output; a life-threatening medical emergency.

Cardiogenic Shock

Failure of the heart to pump enough blood to meet tissue demands, resulting in low cardiac output, hypotension, and poor tissue perfusion.

Asthma

A chronic inflammatory disorder causing reversible airway obstruction, bronchoconstriction, and excess mucus production.

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

A progressive lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation, primarily caused by smoking.

Emphysema

A component of COPD involving alveolar wall destruction, loss of elastic recoil, air trapping, hyperinflation, and a 'pink puffer' phenotype.

Chronic Bronchitis

A component of COPD defined by a productive cough for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years, associated with a 'blue bloater' phenotype.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid accumulation within the alveoli and lung tissue, most commonly caused by left-sided heart failure.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Obstruction of pulmonary arteries by an embolus, most commonly originating from a deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Pleural Effusion

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space compressing lung tissue and impairing ventilation.

Hemothorax

An accumulation of blood in the pleural space.

Pneumothorax

An accumulation of air in the pleural space.

Cor Pulmonale

Failure of the right ventricle caused by underlying chronic lung disorders.

Stable Angina

Chest pain associated with exertion that is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin.

Unstable Angina

Chest pain that occurs at rest and is not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.

Subjective Symptoms

Manifestations of illness reported directly by the patient, such as pain, nausea, fatigue, or blurred vision.

Objective Findings

Observable or measurable manifestations of illness, such as bleeding, vomiting, or laboratory test results.

Pathophysiology

The study of the biologic and physical manifestations of disease and the processes that lead to signs and symptoms.

Etiology

The cause of a disease.

Pathogenesis

The development of a disease.

Clinical Manifestations

The signs and symptoms associated with a disease.

Diagnosis

The identification of a disease.

Sickle Cell Disease

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by inheriting two HbS genes (homozygous) leading to sickled RBCs during low oxygen states.

Sickle Cell Trait

The heterozygous condition of possessing one normal HbA gene and one HbS gene.

Cystic Fibrosis

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defective CFTR gene, leading to defective chloride transport, thick sticky mucus, and salty-tasting skin.

Normal Sodium (Na) Range

The normal physiological level of sodium in the body, which is $135\text{--}145\,\text{mEq/L}$.

Aldosterone

A hormone that increases sodium reabsorption, increases water retention, and raises blood pressure.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone whose main function is to conserve water in the body.

Third Spacing

The movement of fluid from the vascular space into tissues, leading to edema, hypovolemia, and hypotension.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity acquired through direct disease exposure, such as a chickenpox infection.

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity acquired via the natural transfer of antibodies, such as through the placenta or breast milk.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity induced by vaccination.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity provided through the injection of antibodies.

Type I Hypersensitivity

An immediate, IgE-mediated reaction involving histamine release, seen in anaphylaxis, rhinitis, asthma, and food allergies.

Type II Hypersensitivity

A cytotoxic reaction where antibodies attack cells, such as in a blood transfusion reaction.

Type III Hypersensitivity

An immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction, such as lupus.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A delayed T-cell response hypersensitivity, such as contact dermatitis.

Autoimmunity

A condition resulting from a loss of self-tolerance, wherein the body attacks its own tissues.

Phagocytosis

The ingestion and destruction of foreign material by leukocytes, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.

Serous Exudate

An exudate characterized as thin, clear, and watery.

Purulent Exudate

An exudate that is thick, cloudy, and contains pus.

Hemorrhagic Exudate

An exudate that contains blood.

Incubation Stage

The stage of infection from initial exposure to the period before symptoms appear.

Prodromal Stage

The stage of infection marked by the onset of mild, early symptoms.

Acute Stage

The phase of infection where disease symptoms reach their peak.

Convalescent Stage

The recovery phase of infection characterized by tissue repair, pathogen elimination, and symptom resolution.

Benign Tumor

A tumor that is encapsulated, slow growing, noninvasive, and non-metastatic.

Malignant Tumor

A tumor that is invasive, poorly differentiated, infiltrates surrounding tissue, and has the capacity to metastasize.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells to distant organs, usually indicating Stage III or IV disease.

AIDS Diagnosis Threshold

A diagnosis made when an HIV-infected individual has a CD4 T-helper lymphocyte count of less than $200\,\text{cells/mm}^3$.