Business data science exam 1

What is an Information System (IS)?

A set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and disseminate information

What are five functions organizations use information systems for?

Processing transactions, communication, data analysis, project tracking, and monitoring/recommending actions

What are the three competitive strategies supported by information systems?

Cost leadership, differentiation, and focus

What four components are in Leavitt's Diamond?

People, technology infrastructure, processes, and structure

What three employee requirements improve IS success?

Training, motivation, and access to support.

What is technology infrastructure?

Hardware, software, databases, networks, facilities, and third-party services that support the organization

What is a process?

A structured set of related activities that takes input, adds value, and creates output.

What is a procedure?

A defined set of steps used to achieve a specific result.

What does organizational structure define?

Roles, responsibilities, and lines of authority.

What are the Five Components of an Information System?

Hardware, software, data, processes, and people.

How does Information Technology differ from Information Systems?

IT focuses on hardware, software, networks, and data; IS applies those technologies to solve business problems.

What is a value chain?

A series of activities that transform inputs into outputs while increasing value.

What is strategic planning?

The process of identifying initiatives and projects that achieve organizational objectives.

What four factors should leaders consider when evaluating strategy?

Revenue/profit, risk, needed resources, and competitive reaction.

What is the primary responsibility of a Chief Information Officer (CIO)?

Managing IS resources and personnel to achieve organizational goals.

What does an Information Security Analyst do?

Protects systems/data, improves security measures, trains users, and manages breach plans.

What does a Systems Analyst do?

Bridges business needs and technology requirements.

What does a Data Science Analyst do?

Collects, organizes, and analyzes data to discover business insights.

What does a Business Analyst do?

Improves company performance by analyzing business challenges and recommending solutions.

What are the three major hardware components of a computer?

CPU, memory, and input/output devices.

What is the CPU?

The brain of the computer that executes instructions and performs calculations.

What is clock speed?

The rate at which a processor produces electronic pulses, measured in GHz.

What is RAM?

Volatile memory used to temporarily store instructions and data.

What is cache memory?

High-speed memory that the processor accesses faster than main memory.

What is ROM?

Nonvolatile memory that stores permanent startup instructions.

What is secondary storage?

Long-term storage for large amounts of data and programs.

Which is volatile: RAM or ROM?

RAM is volatile; ROM is nonvolatile

How many bits are in a byte?

Eight bits

What do OCR and OMR stand for?

Optical Character Recognition and Optical Mark Recognition.

What is a thin client?

A device that relies on a server for processing, memory, and storage.

What is a server?

A computer that provides services to many users.

What is a mainframe?

A high-powered computer supporting hundreds or thousands of users.

What is a supercomputer?

The fastest and most powerful class of computer.

What is green computing?

Environmentally responsible design, operation, and disposal of IT products.

What is server virtualization?

Dividing one physical server into multiple logical servers.

What is a virtual machine?

A logical computer that acts like a dedicated machine.

What is a hypervisor?

Software that manages virtual machines and allocates resources.

What is SaaS?

Software hosted by a provider and delivered through the Internet.

What are two advantages of SaaS?

Anywhere access and provider-managed updates/patches.

What is open-source software?

Software distributed with source code available for modification and improvement.

What is a computer network?

Connected devices that communicate and share resources.

What is a network protocol?

A set of rules governing communication between network devices.

In a star network, what connects all devices?

A central hub.

What is a bus network?

Devices connected to a shared backbone cable

What is a ring network?

Each device connects to two neighboring devices.

What is a mesh network?

Devices connect through multiple pathways and access points.

What is a LAN?

A Local Area Network serving a small geographic area.

What is a WAN?

A Wide Area Network covering large geographic regions

What is bandwidth?

The capacity of a communication channel to carry traffic.

What is network latency?

The time required for data to travel to a destination and back.

Which communication medium has the highest transmission rates?

Fiber-optic cable.

What is NFC?

Near Field Communication, a very short-range wireless technology.

What is Bluetooth's typical range?

About 10 to 30 feet

What is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) used for?

Tracking objects and equipment using tags and readers.

What is the job of a switch?

Directs frames using MAC addresses.

What is the job of a router

Forwards packets between networks.

What does DNS do?

Translates website names into IP addresses.

What is a URL?

A web address identifying a specific resource on a host.

What is an intranet?

A private internal organizational network

What is an extranet?

A network that gives selected external partners access to company resources.

What is a VPN?

A secure connection over the Internet using tunneling.

What is information security?

Protecting information and systems from unauthorized access, modification, disruption, or destruction.

How does cybersecurity differ from information security?

Cybersecurity is a subset focused on digital assets and systems.

What are the three components of the CIA Triad?

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability.

What is confidentiality?

Ensuring only authorized people can access data.

What is integrity?

Ensuring data is not changed without authorization.

What is availability?

Ensuring data is accessible when needed.

What is disclosure?

A violation of confidentiality.

What is alteration?

A violation of integrity.

What is denial of service?

A violation of availability that prevents access to data or services.

What is malware?

Software intended to disrupt or damage systems.

What is ransomware?

Malware that encrypts data and demands payment

What is a DDoS attack?

Multiple computers overwhelm a target to make it unavailable.

What is social engineering?

Manipulating people into revealing confidential information.

What is phishing?

Fraudulent messages designed to obtain sensitive information.

What is spear phishing?

Phishing tailored for a specific victim.

What is whale phishing?

Phishing that targets senior executives.

What makes a security policy adequate?

It meets minimum requirements needed to protect in-scope assets.

What is incident response?

A structured process for handling security incidents and minimizing damage.

What are the eight incident response steps?

Preparation, detection, response, mitigation, reporting, recovery, remediation, and lessons learned.

What is symmetric encryption?

Encryption that uses one shared secret key for encryption and decryption.

What is asymmetric encryption?

Encryption using a public/private key pair.

Which key encrypts a message to Bob?

Bob's public key.

Which key decrypts the message?

Bob's private key