Digestive and Respiratory System & E-H

gastr/o

stomach

hepat/o

liver

chol/e

gall, bile

cyst/o

bladder, sac

emes/o

vomit

emesis

vomiting

emetic

stimulating vomiting

antiemetic

stopping vomiting

lith/o

stone

lapar/o

abdominal wall

-centesis

to puncture

-tripsy

to crush

-rrhea

flow, discharge

-iasis (-osis)

abnormal condition

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

• severe heartburn

• weakness of the valve b/w esophagus and stomach allowing stomaching acid to reflux back into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining

• chest pain can mimic cardiac ischemia

jaundice

• yellow in french

• yellow of the skin and whites of eyes from backup of bile metabolic by products from the blood into body tissues

• can be caused from blockage of ducts draining bile from the liver into the intestines OR excessive breakdown of RBCs

  • hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs is broken down ends up in bile secretions

Diverticulosis/diverticulitis

small pouches that form along the walls of the large intestine (diverticuli)

• symptomatic can cause discomfort (diverticulosis)

• can collect and may not be able to empty fecal material leading to inflammation (diverticulitis)

cirrhosis

• “orange yellow” in Greek

• degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics (but can have other causes)

• name refers to the gross appearance of the organ

portal hypertension

• potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver from the GI tract

• veins between GI tract and liver are engorged around the umbilicus/naval

• results in rediating patern of veins (often called “caput medusae” or head of medusa)

esophageal varices

bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus

• often a complication of chronic alcoholism

• thin walled, swollen veins

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

• can be related to GERd, esophogeal tumor, or other causes

Crohn’s Disease

• chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel

• symptoms: abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, rectal bleeding that could lead to anemia

• need to do special x-rays and tests to differentiate it from different diseases

peritonitis

• inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity

• indications consists of tender abdomen, rebound pain, board like rigidity of abdominal muscle, no bowel sounds (gurgles)

• can result from contact with blood, bile, urine, and pus to the abdominal cavity

gastroenterologist

physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach, and intestines

• don’t do surgery

proctologist

physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus

• surgical subspecialty

guaiac test (hemoccult, fecult)

a special chemical test to identify blood in the stool

• blood in stool can be due to cancer or hemorrhoids

upper GI series

a series of x-rays of the esophagus and stomach and small intestines having the patient swallow a “milkshake” of barium

• can be used to identify problems with swallowing, stomach ulcers, twisting of the small intestines

lower GI series

a series of X-rays using a barium enema to show the large intestine and rectum

• can be used to identify problems such as diverticulitis/diverticulosis, and tumors

endoscopy

use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a video camera that can be used to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach, and large bowel

• special names given for each area (ex: colonoscopy)

ultrasonography/ultrasound

a procedure using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs

• primarily used to visualize abdominal and pelvic organs such as the pregnant uterus

induce vomiting

laparoscopy

cholescystectomy

degeneration of the liver

blood in the stool

rectum

swallowing

abdominocentesis

severe heartburn

surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine.

cholelithiasis

presence of stones in the gallbladder

cholelithotomy

surgical removal of gallstones

cholelithotripsy

nonsurgical removal of gallstones by smashing them with high frequency sound waves

rhin/o

nose

laryng/o

larynx, voice box

trache/o

trachea, aka windpipe

bronch/o

lung air passageways

pne/u, -pnea

breath, air, lung

pulmo/o

lung

-ptysis

spitting (coughing)

-plasty

reconstruction

pneumonconiosis

abnormal condition of dust in the lungs

• toxic particles become trapped in the lungs and cause symptoms such as black lung or miner’s lung disease

epistaxis

nosebleed

cystic fibrosis

inheritable disease that affects not only the lungs but other systems producing mucous such as the digestive system

• suffer frequent lung infections

• hard to treat because mucous is thick and sluggish

• results in scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs

• causes digestive abnormalities related to abnormal mucous production

emphysema (COPD)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange

• long term smokers

atelectasis

collapsed lung

pulmonologist

physician specializing in diseases of the lungs

• dont do surgery

respiratory therapist

specially trained technician who administers, among other treatments, inhalation therapy to patients with lung disease

pulmonary angiography

special x-rays of the vessels of the lungs

laryngoscopy

visual examination of the larynx

endotracheal intubation

passing a special air tube into the trachea so oxygen can be reliably supplied directly to the lungs without risk of inhaling vomit from the stomach

• done for surgery whenever general anesthesia is administered

rhinoplasty

tachypnea

coughing up blood from the lungs

bronchoscopy

dyspnea

pulmonary angiography

a permanent opening cut into the trachea

nosebleed

-ectomy

to cut out (remove)

-emia

blood

-gram

the image (x-ray)

-gravida

pregnancy

EAL

evidence analysis library

ec

enteric coated

ECG (EKG)

electrocardiogram

ED

eating disorder or emergency department

EEG

electroencephalography

EFA

essential fatty acids

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

eg

for example

EGCG

epigallocatechin gallate

EMA

anti-endomysial antibodies (Celiac Disease)

EPO

erythropoietin

EPS

extra pyramidal symptoms

ER

emergency room

ERT

estrogen replacement therapy

ESA

erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

ESLD

end stage liver disease (cirrhosis)

ESRD

end stage renal disease

eNCPT

e-Nutrition Care Process Terminology

EN

Enteral Nutrition

et

and

ETOH

ethanol

exam

examination

F

fahrenheit

F/C

foley catheter

FBS

fasting blood sugar

Fe

iron

ff

force fluids