Terrorism test two

Religious terrorism→

is political violence that is motivated by an absolute belief that an otherworldly power has sanctioned and commanded the application of terrorist violence for the greater glory of faith.

Primary Motive of Religious terrorism→

religion is at the very core of an extremist group s political and revolutionary agenda

Secondary Motive of Religious Terrorism→

Religion represents one aspect of an extremist group’s overall identity and agenda

Greater Jihad→

refers to the struggle each person has within himself or herself to do what is right

Lesser Jihad→

Involves the outward defense of islam

Protocols→

detailed records of this alleged conspiracy for world domination, but they were infact, a forgery written by the secret police of Czar

Crusades→

Conducted in the name of the cross, the purpose was to recapture the holy lands from disunited Muslims, whom they referred to collectively as Saracens

The order of Assassins→

Medieval Islamic sect known for targeted assassinations, to kill or be killed was a good thing because it was done in the name of faith and ensured a place in paradise after death.

Armageddon→

the site or time of a final and conclusive battle between the forces of good and evil

Apocalyptic beliefs→

views and movements focused on a sudden, dramatic, and cataclysmic intervention by a higher power or cosmic force that ends the current era and ushers in a final judgment or new world

ISIS→

The movements regularly executed captured soldiers and police officers, imprisoned and tortured civillians, kidnapped and executed Western civilians and imposed draconian Sharia law and ordered in the territory it occupied

BOKO Haram→

A political agenda aimed at establishing an Islamic state. Since 2009, Boko haram has attacked the military and police, schools, Christian churches, and gathering places such as bars. It has been responsible for thousands of casualties, kidnappings, and population displacements

Aum Shinrikyō→

 Japanese cult known for chemical attacks, believed in imminent Armageddon. Their goal was to seize control of Japan and then the world. Ashara, their leader claimed to be the reincarnation of Jesus Christ and Budda

Exclusivist beliefs in radical religion —>

belief that one's own faith is the only true religion

Left radicals—>

Those that advocate change to something that includes left ideology

Center/moderates→

Those in the middle who combine pieces of the left and right or simply cannot make up their minds

Right →

those who desire a return to a previous state of affairs

Right wing extremists→

are reactionary and nostalgic (return to past values)

Left wing extremists →

are radical and idealistic ( new system destruction of old one)

Fringe left→

extreme Marxist ideology, violence, champion of poor people, don’t have clear idea of what they want for the country after they destroy the current system

Far left→

standard marxist ideology, desire radical resource distribution, communist political party, may choose violence

Liberalism→

Mainstream movement, rights of the people versus leader

Moderate center→

locus/place of many citizens in many societies; balance of right and left

Conservatism→

a resistance of radical change in society, traditional conservatives were seen as too passive in promoting traditional values

Far right→

A strong defense of traditional order and valyes

Fringe right→

extreme ethnonational or religious chauvinism that readily justifies violence

Ideologies→

are systems of beliefs that justify political behavior in society, They are motivated by a world view that may encompass political, social ,economic, religious, racial, and ethnic factors

Ideals→

are the values or principles that individuals or groups strive to achieve. These may include justice, freedom, equality, peach

Anarchism→

resistance to the power of the central government and the wealthy , they hated central government control and private property, supported the destruction of the state, radical decentralization of power, atheism, and individualism

Marxism→

Radical socialism, arises mid 1800s, resistance of economic power and political power, championed industrial working class, karl marx founder of modern socilalism

Facism→

Rightist ideological counter point to marxism and anarchism, reactionary ideology, response to the turmoil of communistic change

Revolutionary anarchism→

belief that society must be reorganized without hierarchical structures through acts of violence

Nationalism→

promotes the aspirations of groups of people who are distinguished by their cultural, religious, ethnic, and tacial hetitage.

Special interest Extremist→

“single issue” terrrorism

Stalinists→

worked to consolidate communism in the soviet union know in the movement as socialism in one country

Trotskyites→

rejected the idea of building socialism in one country and promoted international agitation as a worldwide revolutionary movement- a theory referred to as PERMANENT REVOLUTION.

Red Army Faction→

left-wing extremist group active in Germany

Shining Path→

Maoist insurgency in Peru

Differences and similarities of left and white wing extremists :

Right-wing terrorism in the post-war era hasn’t been as well organized, focused, or sustained as left-wing terrorism

Organizationally, right-wing terrorists usually operate clandestinely in small groups or overtly as street militias and gang like brawlers

The focus of the violent right is generally much broader than that of leftist terrorists. Right-wing terrorists have typically been indiscriminate in their selection of targets. It is rare that right-wing terrorist campaigns are sustained. The goal of dissident right-wing terrorism is best described as nihilistic because the majority of right-wing groups do not espouse any specific program of reform.

International terrorism→

Defined by identifying the core attributes that make terrorist acts international in character. It occurs when the target is an international symbol and the political and psychological effects go beyond a purely domestic agenda.

Spillover effect→

occurs when violent domestic conflicts are played out internationally so the revolutionary struggle spills over national borders into the global arena.

International dissident terrorism→

refers to political violence carried out by non-state actors across national boundaries to advance their political, ideological, or revolutionary goals.

International left-wing terrorism→

refers to political violence carried out across national borders by Marxist, socialist, or anti-imperialist non-state groups seeking to overthrow capitalist systems, dismantle Western hegemony, and establish a socialist or communist order

International right wing terrorism→

refers to political violence carried out across national borders by non-state actors motivated by reactionary, neo-fascist, neo-Nazi, white supremacist, or extreme ethno-nationalist ideologies. These groups or individuals seek to defend or restore a perceived traditional order, resist immigration and multiculturalism, and dismantle liberal democratic or globalist institutions.

International criminal terrorism→

refers to political violence and intimidation carried out across borders by, or in partnership with, transnational criminal networks to protect and advance illicit, profit-driven enterprises.

Imperalism→

is the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending a nation's power and dominion over foreign territories and peoples, typically through territorial acquisition, military force, or economic and political hegemony.

Neo colonialism→

is the practice of using economics, globalization, cultural dominance, and political pressure to control or influence a developing country—especially a former colony—instead of using direct military control or formal political governance.

While

Zionism→

ideology and nationalist movement that emerged in the late 19th century supporting the self-determination, statehood, and national identity of the Jewish people in their ancestral homeland, historical Palestine / the Land of Israel.

Monolithic terrorist environment→

refers to an operational landscape where international terrorism is organized around a single, centralized, and highly unified structure—often backed or directed primarily by state sponsors or one dominant command hub.

Strong multipolar terrorist environment→

refers to an international landscape defined by multiple competing major power centers and rival non-state actor networks, where no single state, ideology, or primary terrorist group dominates the strategic field.

Weak multipolar terrorist environment→

weak multipolar terrorist environment refers to an international landscape characterized by multiple distinct terrorist hubs or regional power centers, but where none of these actors possess strong central command, high strategic capability, or dominant global control.

Cell based terrorist environment→

refers to an operational structure where a terrorist organization is divided into small, semi-autonomous units—called cells—designed to minimize operational exposure and prevent an entire network from being compromised if one member or group is captured.

Sleeper cells→

is a specialized, highly covert unit within a cell-based terrorist network whose members are inserted into a target population, country, or organization to live normal, inconspicuous lives for extended periods—months or even years—without engaging in illegal or suspicious activity until they are activated to carry out a mission.

Lone wolf terrorism→

refers to terrorist acts committed by an individual who acts independently without joining an established group or operating under a direct command structure.

Reasons behind internationalizing terrorist campaigns→

Shifting from local or domestic operations to launching attacks on foreign soil or targeting international interests is a strategic, political, and operational decision.

Extremist organizations rarely internationalize without specific incentives. The primary drivers behind internationalizing terrorist campaigns can be categorized into four main motivations

Impact of globalization on terrorism→

Globalization has fundamentally transformed the nature, reach, and operational mechanics of modern international terrorism. Rather than operating as isolated regional insurgencies, terrorist networks leverage globalized systems to project influence worldwide.

Objectives of terrorism→

changing existing order,psychological disruption, social disruption, publicizing the cause, creating a revolutioonary environment.

Nihilists→

seek to destroy existing structures without offering replacements

Symbolic targets→

objects or places representing larger ideological enemies, e.g., embassies, landmarks

Asymmetric warfare→

unpredictable, unconventional violence, used by weaker groups against stronger forces

Range of weapons→

High range( biological agents, nuclear weapons), medium range(rocket launchers, military grade explosive), low range (roadside bombs)

High-range weapons→

weapons causing extensive damage or high casualties, e.g., anthrax, Sarin, Tabun, VX gases

Propaganda by the deed→

terrorist acts aimed to gain maximum public and media attention

Cyberterrorism and hacktivism

use of digital attacks to disrupt society or political systems, e.g., Anonymous collective

Effectiveness of terrorist methods→

terrorism is a highly effective tactic for creating psychological shock and sustaining an organization, but a historically ineffective method for achieving primary long-term political objectives.

Symbolic importance of chosen targets

Refers to the deliberate selection of targets based on what they represent—politically, ideologically, culturally, or economically—rather than their purely tactical or military value.

Because non-state actors operate at a severe asymmetric disadvantage, target selection is driven by communicative intent: the target itself acts as the primary vessel for delivering a message to both the target audience (the enemy) and the intended constituency (potential recruits and supporters).