exam 2 a&p

Sensation

The detection of stimuli by sensory receptors.

Perception

The conscious interpretation of sensory information in the cerebral cortex.

Mechanoreceptors

Receptors that detect touch, pressure, and vibration.

Thermoreceptors

Receptors that detect temperature changes.

Photoreceptors

Receptors that respond to light.

Chemoreceptors

Receptors responsible for smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation).

Nociceptors

Receptors that detect pain stimuli.

Tonic Receptors

Slow adapting receptors, such as pain receptors that continue to send signals.

Phasic Receptors

Fast adapting receptors, such as smell receptors and Pacinian corpuscles.

Spinothalamic Tract

Transmits pain, temperature, and crude touch information to the brain.

DCML Pathway

Carries signals for fine touch, vibration, and proprioception.

Spinocerebellar Tract

Relays proprioception information to the cerebellum.

Upper Motor Neurons

Neurons that originate in the brain and control the activity of lower motor neurons.

Lower Motor Neurons

Neurons that originate in the spinal cord and directly stimulate muscle contractions.

Direct (Pyramidal) Pathways

Involved in voluntary motor control, including corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.

Indirect (Extrapyramidal) Pathways

Involved in controlling posture, balance, and reflexive movements.

Basal Nuclei

Function to initiate movement and suppress unwanted movements.

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement, maintains balance, manages posture, and integrates timing of movements.

Broca's Area

Responsible for motor aspects of speech production.

Wernicke's Area

Important for language comprehension and processing.

Alpha Waves

Indicate a relaxed state of mind.

Beta Waves

Associated with alert and active thinking.

Theta Waves

Present during light sleep.

Delta Waves

Indicate deep sleep.

Static Equilibrium

Involves utricle and saccule containing otoliths assisting in balance.

Dynamic Equilibrium

Involves semicircular canals and crista ampullaris detecting rotational movements.

Sympathetic Division

Activates the fight or flight response during stressful situations.

Parasympathetic Division

Promotes rest and digest functions.

Dual Innervation

Definition: Most organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.