Chapter 5 psy prejudice and discrimiation

1. Dramatic change in racial attitudes and acceptance of prejudice since WWII

2. But 400 yrs of racism can't be immediately extinguished. People continue to learn implicit prejudiced beliefs through socialization

Two processes contribute to the contradiction between people's nonprejudiced responses to survey questions and their sometimes prejudiced everyday behaviors?

Implictit

The negative racial stereotypes and negative emotions associated with those stereotypes still exist in American culture in the form of ___________ prejudices

Implicit prejudices

prejudices which people are not aware of having, but still affect emotional responses to and behavior toward minority groups:

Are activated automatically

Are difficult to control

Cannot be assessed through self-report:

-Assessed using implicit cognition measures

1. America's social norms have changed in the direction of believing in the principle of equality for all people

2. not everyone has accepted this norm to the same degree

3. even those who have not yet fully accepted the norm are motivated to act in nonprejudiced ways.

Three propositions shared by theories of contemporary prejudice?

True

T/F

Contemporary prejudices are expressed in ways that can be justified on unprejudiced grounds?

Contemporary Prejudice

Not voting for a black candidate because she is too liberal or Opposing affirmative action because it violates the American principle of equality for all are examples of what?

Modern-symbolic prejudice

Aversive prejudice

Ambivalent prejudice

3 Modern Theories (of racial prejudice)?

explicit prejudices

Stereotypes and attitudes that people:

-Are aware of holding

-Can be intentionally retrieved from memory (e.g., to make self-reports)

Lead to intentional behavior

a set of beliefs about African Americans as an abstract group rather than as individuals

these beliefs portray African Americans as morally inferior to whites because the former supposedly violate traditional (white) American values

Behaviors are rationalized on a nonracial basis

Old-fashioned racism

based on belief in the biological inferiority of African Americans and the attendant stereotypes of low intelligence, laziness, and so forth

Modern-symbolic prejudice

avoids blatant derogation of outgroups

rooted in cultural stereotypes of outgroups and cultural values rather than in people's direct experiences with members of those groups

1. Racial prejudice and discrimination no longer exist, so we can stop worrying. Opposing things like affirmative action is rooted in "fairness", not prejudice

2. Any remaining differences in economic outcomes result from African Americans' lack of motivation to work hard enough ("Blacks should work their way up without any special favors")

3. Because African Americans are unwilling to work to get what they want, their continuing anger over inequality is unjustified

4. Rather than working to get ahead, African

Americans seek special favors

5. Relative to whites, African Americans have been getting more than they deserve economically

Five Modern-Symbolic Prejudice themes used to justify opposition to social policies designed to promote intergroup equality while still endorsing equality as an abstract principle?

1. Mild to moderate anti-African American emotions

2. Belief in traditional values

3. Low outcome-based egalitarianism

4. Group Self-Interest

5. Little personal knowlesge of African Americans

5 factors underlying modern-symbolic prejudice?

(psychological)

socialization

process of learning one's culture in childhood by being taught what's important and by observing and imitating adults' behaviors and attitudes

Traditional beliefs

beliefs that stem from hard work, individualism, self-reliance, self-restraint, etc.

egalitarianism

a value system that reflects the belief that all people are equal and should be treated identically

equality of opportunity

principle that everyone should have an equal, fair chance at success in life

equality of outcome

belief that government should ensure that everyone should receive an equal share of society's resources

Group self-interest

people try to promote the interests of the social groups that are important to them and respond negatively to perceived threats to group welfare

they believe that social programs designed to benefit minority groups will unfairly deprive whites of opportunities

outcome,opportunity

people with modern-symbolic prejudice reject equality of ___________ and endorse equality of ___________?

Little personal knowledge of African Americans

have little opportunity to get to know African Americans as individuals, so stereotypes continue

laissez-faire

Old-fashioned or Jim Crow racism was replaced by________ racism?

laissez-faire racism

frames the cause of differences in economic success in terms of differences in culture and

-values rather than biologically based ability

helps whites justify their traditional privileged position in society

nonracial basis

People with modern-symbolic prejudice discriminate against African Americans in situations when such behavior can be attributed to or justified on what?

high scores on measures of both explicit modern prejudice and implicit prejudice.

Modern-symbolic prejudice is characterized by scores of?

(READ)

Results indicated that priming Obama did not influence implicit racial bias or internal motivation to control prejudice. However, consistent with exemplar and symbolic racism theories, participants primed with President Obama expressed greater agreement with the tenets of symbolic racism and were more reluctant to accept the possibility that they personally harbored subtle racial bias.

Aversive Prejudice

A form of prejudice in which people feel uncomfortable with interacting with members of minority groups

People who experience avoid contact with minority groups

Try to be polite and correct when they do have contact with members of minority groups

Aversive Prejudice

people who experience it truly believe in equality but retain implicit negative feelings toward minority groups

these negative feelings are usually low key, involving discomfort and uneasiness rather than hostility or hatred

postulates that whites absorb implicit negative attitudes toward minority groups while they are growing up

Are all characteristics of?

1. human predisposition to cognitive categorization that leads people to categorize into discrete social groups

2. motivational need to control their environment to ensure positive outcomes for themselves and their groups

3. the socialization of two sets of incompatible values:

-implicit prejudice in the form of negativestereotypes and emotions associated with minority groups

-genuine belief in the American ideals of racial fairness, justice, and equality

Three psychological underpinnings for aversive prejudice?

(could also be a READ)

True

T/F

people who have adversive prejudice will not discriminate in situations in which they recognize discrimination, where there is a clear right and wrong but will discriminate when they can justify or rationalize a negative response on the basis of some factor other than race?

high, low

aversive prejudice is characterized by _______implicit scores combined with ______ explicit scores

-avoidance of intergroup contact, motivated by feelings of anxiety and discomfort

-overly positive intergroup behavior caused by the desire to appear unprejudiced

-pro-white bias in ambiguous situations when the unprejudiced response is not clearly defined

Aversive Prejudice Behavior (3)?

(can be a READ)

True

T/F

People with adversive prejudice have

derogation of higher status minority group members - due to socialized implicit attitudes, discomfort is greater when minorities are in higher status positions?

Ambivalent Prejudice

Whites genuinely accept the principles of racial equality

Many whites have developed genuinely positive attitudes toward African Americans that exist along with lingering negative attitudes

Seeing African Americans as having both positive and negative characteristics results in ambivalent attitudes and behavior

1. individualism

2. egalitarianism

Sources of ambivalent racial attitudes two sets of American values?

True

T/F

White people with ambivalent attitudes believe that african americans are both deviant and disadvantaged?

Cognitive Dissonance

ambiviant prejudice is like what other psychological construct?

Response Amplification

A behavior toward a stigmatized person that is more extreme than behavior toward a nonstigmatized but similar person in the same type of situation

Results from a motivation to reduce negative emotions caused by being made aware of one's ambivalent attitudes:

-situational cues determine the direction of the response amplification

-emphasis on egalitarian values; unduly positive behavior

-emphasis on individualistic values; unduly negative behavior

lack of prejudice < comtempary prejudice < old-fashoned prejuicd

List types of prejudice in increasing severity

Hostile prejudice

traditional form of prejudice expressed in terms of negative beliefs about and emotional responses to targets of prejudice

Benevolent prejudice

expressed in terms of apparently positive beliefs and emotional responses to targets of prejudice:

-tone is superficially positive

-has the same net effect of hostile prejudice of keeping targets of prejudice in subordinate positions in society

True

T/F

Research has shown positive correlations between measures of hostile and benevolent prejudices?

1. It provides the prejudiced person with moral credentials

2. The targets of the prejudice might buy into them

3. Benevolent prejudices may be difficult to change

Three reasons benevolent prejudice is an insidious form of biaas?

Unpredjudiced people

High acceptance of both equality of opportunity and equality of outcomes

Complex social identifies:

-See themselves as members of many different social groups

Focus on similarities among people rather than differences:

-See differences as enriching and interesting

Exhibit a broad scope of moral inclusion:

-Broadly define who counts as as "one of us"