Current and Emerging Trends in Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals - Cosmetics and Dosage Forms

Flashcards covering cosmetic definitions, regulatory provisions under Schedule M-II and Schedule S, active ingredients, quality control methods, skin sensitization and irritation testing protocols (OECD 406 and 439), and classification of solid, liquid, and semisolid dosage forms.

Cosmetics (D&C Act 1940 Definition)

Any article intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, or introduced into, or otherwise applied to, the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance, including any article intended for use as a component of cosmetic.

Anangaranga

An ancient Indian book dedicated to cosmetics.

Schedule M-II

A schedule under The Drugs and Cosmetic Act of 1945 that specifies the rules, regulations, and factory premises requirements for cosmetic manufacturing in India.

Humectant

An ingredient used in skin and hair care that attracts and binds water, drawing moisture from deeper skin layers or from the surrounding environment (if air humidity exceeds $70\%$) to maintain hydration.

Antioxidants

Substances that slow down or prevent cell damage caused by free radicals by neutralizing them, protecting skin cells from aging and preserving skin elasticity.

D Panthenol

A key hair care ingredient that penetrates the hair shaft to enhance humidity retention, acting similarly to a protein to benefit fine or fragile hair.

Menthyl Lactate

An ester of menthol and lactic acid utilized as a cooling medium and fragrant substance in personal care and cosmetic formulations.

Microbial Limit for Children's Cosmetics

The standard requirement that total aerobic microbe counts in cosmetics intended for children under the age of three must be below $100\,CFU/g$ or $100\,CFU/ml$.

Microbial Limit for General Cosmetics

The standard requirement that total aerobic microbe counts for general cosmetic products (excluding those for children under three) must be below $1,000\,CFU/g$ or $1,000\,CFU/ml$.

Brookfield Viscometer

A popular testing instrument that measures cosmetic product viscosity based on the torque registered on a spring attached to rotating spindles.

Penetrometer

A device used in cosmetic quality control to evaluate hardness or softness by measuring the depth to which a needle penetrates a mass.

Ross Miles Apparatus

A specialized laboratory instrument used to test and measure foam parameters in cosmetic testing.

Schedule S

The schedule under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 where the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) lays down regulatory specifications for finished cosmetics.

OECD Guideline 406

A regulatory test guideline updated in 1991 for assessing the potential of chemicals to cause skin sensitization in animals.

Guinea Pig Maximisation Test (GPMT)

A preferred adjuvant skin sensitization test method developed by Magnusson and Kligman that uses Freunds Complete Adjuvant (FCA) to potentiate sensitization.

Buehler Test

A preferred non-adjuvant skin sensitization test conducted in guinea pigs to evaluate allergic responses.

Magnusson & Kligman Grading Scale

A 0 to 3 scale for evaluating challenge patch test reactions: 0 = No visible change; 1 = Discrete or patchy erythema; 2 = Moderate and confluent erythema; 3 = Intense erythema and swelling.

OECD TG 439

An in vitro test guideline utilizing reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) to identify skin-irritating chemicals and differentiate UN GHS Category 2 irritants from non-irritants based on tissue viability.

MTT Assay

A standardized quantitative method in OECD TG 439 where viable cells convert 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide into a blue formazan salt, which is measured at an optical density of $570\,nm$.

Dosage Forms

The mechanisms by which drug molecules or Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) are administered to areas of action inside the body to produce maximum intended therapeutic benefits and minimal unwanted effects.

Cachets

Solid unit dosage forms in which medicinal drugs are enclosed within a wafer sheet made of rice.

Lozenges

Solid preparations containing sugar and gum designed to be dissolved in the mouth to treat the mouth and throat.

Suppositories

Solid dosage forms containing medicaments in a suitable base, formulated for insertion into body cavities other than the mouth, such as the rectum, nose, or ear.

Poultices

Solid dosage forms converted to paste-like preparations and applied externally to the skin to reduce inflammation.

Collodions

Liquid preparations for external use containing nitrocellulose that form a protective film on the skin.

Elixirs

Clear, pleasantly flavored hydroalcoholic liquid oral preparations containing medicaments with suitable excipients.

Linctuses

Viscous, liquid oral preparations formulated to treat and relieve coughs.

Liniments

Liquid preparations for external application to the skin that are intended to be applied with friction.

Lotions

Liquid preparations intended for external application to the skin that are usually applied gently without friction.

Pastes

Semisolid dosage forms for external application containing a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments mixed with a suitable fatty base.