Quiz 1 for Human Development Across The Life Span

Mao-A (Monoamine Oxidase A)

Adverse childhood environments can shape this specific regulator’s gene expression and later outcomes

Epigenetics

these concepts can inform counseling without removing accountability or increasing self-blame

First Year

Babies rapidly develop motor, sensory, and social capacities during this year of development

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

explains early learning through reflexes, memory, object learning, curiosity, means-end behavior, and action between birth to 2 years

Piaget’s Constructivist Theory

Considers children to be considered active participants in the learning process and are intrinsically motivated to learn

Assimilation

interpret new stimulation in ways that fit with what they already know, sometimes distorting it as a result

Accomodation

existing knowledge may be modified with new information, providing a better match or fit to what is new.

Assimilation and Accomodation

both required for learning to turn new information into schemas complementary in every interaction with the environment.

Accomodate, Assimilate

In order to___________, children must be able to ___________.

Observational Methods

Habituation, Preferential response, and Violation of Expectations are utilized in this

Object Permanence

develops through sensing, memory, and recognizing others as separate entities

Infants

__________actively explore, remember, and infer intentions in their environment

Conservation and Perspective-taking tasks

Object permanence precedes later limits in these

Piaget: Pre-operational Stage

Preschool 2-6 years, Inability to engage complex logical mental operations and involves schema change, and growing symbolic representation

Peekaboo and Conservation

Object permanence precedes later limits in these tasks

Conservation Tasks

Young children often focus on one feature, making these difficult

Conservation

Something remaining the same even if its appearance is altered

Egocentrism

have difficulty taking another person's visual or mental perspective because of this in childhood

Vygotsky’s Social Learning Theory

Learning develops through culture, scaffolding, and the zone of proximal development

Theory of Mind

starts at age 4; understanding self and others through mental states

Joint attention and social referencing

help infants connect language, objects, and others' intentions

False Belief

performance reflects preschoolers' developing belief-desire reasoning and social understanding in these specific tasks

2-Year Olds

have grasp of people’s emotions and desires at this age

False-Belief Tasks, Theory of Mind

__________have been used to

measure development of _________

Temperament

Behavioral and emotional predisposition of reactivity; Highly heritable and stable; a neutral concept that cant be overgeneralized

Three types of Temperaments

Easy, Slow to Warm Up, Difficult

Easy

Temperament that revolves around generally being happy and responding well to change and novelty

Slow to Warm Up

Temperament that revolves around generally mild reactions and hesitant about new experiences

Difficult

Temperament that revolves around irritability and intense emotional responses

Emotional intensity and negative emotionality, Activity Level, Frustration Tolerance and effortful control, Reaction to new people and approach, Sociability, Reaction to change, inhibition, and anxiety

5 Dimensions of Temperament

Goodness of Fit

Adjustment is easiest when the child’s temperament matches the situation physically, socially, and culturally

Bumpy Growth

Middle Childhood can be defined as

(Fine) Motor Skill Development

Toddlers gain balance, body control, and skills like drawing and scribbling

Early Self System

develops through interaction and begins with self-recognition

Self-representations

constructed from our interactions with others- especially caregivers

2 years old

Awareness of self as a distinct entity begins with self-recognition, starts at this age

3 years old

Explicit self descriptions start at this age

2 - 3 years old

Around these ages is self-conscious emotions support early morality

Emotional intensity / negative emotionality

a dimension of temperament that involves big reactors that ask questions like the level emotional disturbance

Activity Level

a dimension of temperament that involves movers and shakers (such as sitters)

Frustration Tolerance/effortful control

a dimension of temperament that involves persistence in how easily frustration a child is

Reaction to new people / approach, sociability

a dimension of temperament that involves greetings and slowly warming up to others

Reaction to change / inhibition and anxiety

a dimension of temperament that involves taking change in stride (or keeping things the same)