organic chemistry properties

saturated

single bonds

unsaturated

double/triple bonds

which has a higher mp/bp: saturated or unsaturated

saturated because single bonds allow it to pack tightly together

double bonds cause weaker intermolecular forces

halides (alkykl halides) melting/boiling point

organic halides are more polar (because of dipoles) which leads to higher mp/bp

properties of alcohols → mp/bp

mp/bp higher because of h-bonding

properties of alcohols → solubility

soluble up to 3 carbon long chains

as number of carbons increase, solubility decreases

alcohols with longer chains are

non-polar with an OH at the end which allows for it to be used to dissolve polar and non-polar compounds

are alcohols flammable

yes

properties of ethers → polarity

dipoles between the C-O-C bonds counteract → slightly polar

ethers bp/mp

lower than alcohols, higher than alkenes of same sized molecules

ethers solubility

when mass is low

are ethers flammable

yes

are ethers reactive

no, very unreactive

aldehydes and ketones properties → polarity

the carbonyl group allows for dipole-dipole forces

aldehydes and ketones properties → bp/bp

because it has dipole-dipole forces, it is higher mp/bp than ethers, lower than alcohol

aldehydes and ketones properties → solubility

lower carbon chains are soluble because as size increases, IMFs increase and are more highly packed (especially LDF)

properties of carboxylic acids → solubility

1-4 carbon chains are soluble

properties of carboxylic acids → mp/bp

high because of h-bonding

weak carboxylic acids can __ in water

dissociate

this is because smaller carboxylic acids react with water to make hydronium ions and carboxylate ions

esters properties →bp/mp

lower than carboxylic acids because no h-bonding

it is similar to same sized ketones/aldehydes

esters solubility

slightly soluble when under three carbons

ester has a __ odour

strong

esters are __ solvents

excellent

this is because C=O is a polar carbonyl so it creates dipoles

amine properties mp/bp

higher than alkanes, lower than alcohols

has h-bonding

amines solubility

some are

amides properties → polarity

polar bonds and primary amides have more h-bonding

amides solubility

smaller ones are soluble

amides is a __ base

weak

for polymers, how do they do cross-linking

caused by actual connections or strong hydrogen bonding

reactions that involve oxidation are in __ conditions

ACIDIC

reactions that involve reduction are in __ conditions

BASIC