3.6 & 3.7 Specialisation of gametes and fertilisation

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Last updated 8:13 PM on 10/7/26
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5 Terms

1
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what is the function of gametes?

fusion of genetic information to create offsrping

  • allowing two haploid ce;;s to join together forming a diploid cell and thus restoring the normal number of chromsomes in body cells


2
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Draw, label and state the function of each structure in the ovum

  • haploid nucleus - fuses with sperm to restore the normal number of chromosomes

  • corona radiata - forms a protection coating and needed for sperm collection

  • zona pellucida - thickens and hardens forming an impenetrable barrier once the sperm enters the cell to prevent polyspermy

  • cortical granules - release the contents of vesciles into the space between the egg cell membrane and the zona pellucida —→ releasing enzymes (by exocyotsis) which causes the zona pellucida to harden and thicken (cortical reaction)

  • large cytoplasm - to store energy and nutrients for the egg once it’s been fertilised


<ul><li><p>haploid nucleus - fuses with sperm to restore the normal number of chromosomes</p></li><li><p>corona radiata - forms a protection coating and needed for sperm collection</p></li><li><p>zona pellucida - thickens and hardens forming an impenetrable barrier once the sperm enters the cell to prevent polyspermy</p></li><li><p>cortical granules - release the contents of vesciles into the space between the egg cell membrane and the zona pellucida —→ releasing enzymes (by exocyotsis) which causes the zona pellucida to harden and thicken (cortical reaction)</p></li><li><p>large cytoplasm - to store energy and nutrients for the egg once it’s been fertilised</p></li></ul><p></p>
3
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Draw, label and state the function of a sperm cell

  • acrosome - acrosome in the head that contains digestive enzymes to break down the zona pellucida to eneter and fertilise the egg —→ acrosome reaction

  • many mitochondria in the mid-piece - provide energy for movement of the flagellum to swim to the egg through respiration

  • flagella - allows movement of sperm to transfer the male genetic material from the cervix to the ovum

  • haploid nucleus - to transfer the genetic material to the egg cell nucleus to restore the normal nmber of chromsomes


<ul><li><p>acrosome - acrosome in the head that contains digestive enzymes to break down the zona pellucida to eneter and fertilise the egg —→ acrosome reaction</p></li><li><p>many mitochondria in the mid-piece - provide energy for movement of the flagellum to swim to the egg through respiration</p></li><li><p>flagella - allows movement of sperm to transfer the male genetic material from the cervix to the ovum</p></li><li><p>haploid nucleus - to transfer the genetic material to the egg cell nucleus to restore the normal nmber of chromsomes</p></li></ul><p></p>
4
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Describe the process of fertilisation in mammals (4)

  • sperm uses flagella for movement to swim to the ovum

  • whereby mitochondria in the mid-piece release energy through repsiration for movement

  • the acrosomes in the head release digestive enzymes which break down the zona pellucida —→ the acrosome reaction

  • the egg cell membrane fuses with the sperm cell membrane

  • the cortical granules release its contents which cause the zona pellucida to thicken and harden so no sperm cells can penetrate the cell —→ cortical reaction

  • fusion of sperm and egg nuclei (which are both haploid) to restore the number of chromosomes


5
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Describe the role of the acrosome in fertilisation (3)

the acrosome fuses with the cell surface membrane of the sperm cell

  • digestive enzymes are released

  • which break down the zona pellucida hence can penetrate through the egg cell membrane