Internal factors in general

Gillborn and Mirza (2000) — Black pupils KS2 → KS4

• KS2: Black children highest achievers

  • 20 pts above average

• KS4: worst results of any ethnic group

  • 21pts below average

Strand (2010) — Black children deterioration

• More deterioration of Black pupils than any other ethnic groups

  • More pronounced in non-FSM groups so MD not factor

Demie and McClean

• African heritage students do well in primary but not good in secondary

  • This is due to more racism and teacher expectations in secondary schools

3 differences between KS2 and 4

1. Less academic pressure — no labelling or streaming

2. Friendships less impactful — no peer pressure

3. Different class environment — less institutionalised racism

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — Asian

0.04

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — Black pupils

0.11

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — Chinese pupils

0.01

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — mixed heritage pupils

0.13

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — White pupils

0.1

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — other ethnic group pupils

0.08

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — unknown ethnicity pupils

0.17

Black people are -x more likely to be permanently excluded compare to the whole school population

3x

2012-3 — university results

• 3rd/pass

  • Highest proportion: Black students

  • Lowest proportion: White students

2014 — % of Black 16-24y/o out of work

45%

2002 — % of Black 16-24y/o out of work

27%

Black men -x more likely to be unemployed than White men

2x

Young Black people -x more likely to die in childbith than young White people

4x

% of NHS doctors and nurses that died during Covid were EM

60%