Internal factors in general

Gillborn and Mirza (2000) — Black pupils KS2 → KS4

• KS2: Black children highest achievers

  • 20 pts above average

• KS4: worst results of any ethnic group

  • 21pts below average

Strand (2010) — Black children deterioration

• More deterioration of Black pupils than any other ethnic groups

  • More pronounced in non-FSM groups so MD not factor

3 differences between KS2 and 4

1. Less academic pressure — no labelling or streaming

2. Friendships less impactful — no peer pressure

3. Different class environment — less institutionalised racism

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — Asian

0.04

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — Black pupils

0.11

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — Chinese pupils

0.01

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — mixed heritage pupils

0.13

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — White pupils

0.1

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — other ethnic group pupils

0.08

2018/9 — permanent exclusions per 10,000 pupils — unknown ethnicity pupils

0.17