WRITTEN TEST #1

Anatomy and Physiology 1

Centrioles/centrosome

• Organize microtubules

• Help organize the mitotic spindle

• Centrioles form the bases of cilia and flagella

Cilia

Move substances across the surface of a cell

Microvilli

Increase surface area for absorption

Translation

• Translation = mRNA —> polypeptide

• Occurs at the ribosome

• Ribosome reads the mRNA

• tRNA brings the correct amino acids

• Amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide

Simple epithelium

One layer of cells

Stratified epithelium

Two or more layers of cells

Pseudostratified epithelium

One layer, but appears to have multiple layers because the cells are different heights

Squamous

Flat, thin cells

Cuboidal

Cube-shaped cells

Columnar

• Tall, column-shaped cells

• Elongated nucleus

Connective tissue

• Contains a lot of extracellular matrix

  • Ground substance + protein fibers

• Three fibers: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

Collagen fibers

• Strongest and most abundant

• Provide high tensile strength

Elastic fibers

Stretch and recoil

Reticular fibers

• Short, thin, branching fibers

• Form supportive networks

“Blast” cells

• Immature

• Mitotically active

• Produce ground substance and fibers

Mast cells

Initiate inflammatory responses

Cartilage

• Tough but flexible

• Avascular

• Lacks nerve fibers

• Can contain up to 80% water

• Receives nutrients from the surrounding perichondrium

Osteoblasts

produce bone matrix

Osteocytes

maintain bone matrix

Osteons

structural units of bone

Nervous tissue

Main component of:

• Brain

• Spinal cord

• Nerves

Neurons

Generate and conduct nerve impulses

Neuroglia

• Support

• Insulate

• Protect neurons

Tissues that regenerate extremely well:

• Epithelial tissue

• Bone

• Areolar connective tissue

• Dense irregular connective tissue

• Blood-forming tissue

Tissues that have moderate regeneration:

• Smooth muscle

• Dense regular connective tissue

Tissues that have virtually no functional regeneration:

• Cardiac muscle

• Nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord

Ground substance

• Noncellular material surrounding cells

• Can be fluid, gel-like, or solid

Goblet cells

• Unicellular exocrine glands

• Found in intestinal and respiratory epithelial linings

• Produce mucin