Praxis Technology and Engineering Education 5053 Design and Application Section 2

research phase

first phase of the engineering design process

research phase involves locating and examining information

It may require studying literature and documents on

the topic and identifying existing solutions, costs, and market needs. Reverse engineering of similar market

products is also a potential avenue of research

conceptualization phase

second phase of the engineering design process

brainstorming

rapidly thinking of and adopting solutions in the conceptual phase of the engineering design process.

trigger word

One person says a word associated with the problem. Hopefully, this word evokes additional words and phrases that can be used to create solutions conceptual phase of the engineering design process.

morphological chart

includes design characteristics of the problems. Engineers then propose solutions for each characteristic conceptual phase of the engineering design process.

feasibility assessment phase

third phase of the engineering design process.

feasibility assessment phase determines

whether or not the proposed solution is possible

feasibility assessment phase asks two questions

Is the project based on an achievable idea? Is the project within the cost constraints of the organizations?

design requirements phase

fourth phase of the engineering design process

design requirements phase establishes

the software and hardware parameters and testability, maintainability, and other key project requirements. It is carried out concurrently with the feasibility phase.

Preliminary design phase

fifth phase of the engineering design process

The Preliminary design phase, also known as

embodiment design

The Preliminary design phase defines

the overall system design—including schematics, layouts, and diagrams—in a very general way

Detailed design phase

sixth phase of the engineering design process

Detailed design phase provides

very specific and detailed specifications (solid models and drawings) on the project. Common specifications include external marking, design life, packaging requirements, operating parameters, test requirements, external dimensions,

materials requirements, reliability requirements, external surface treatments, maintenance and testability

information, and operating and non-operating environmental stimuli

Production planning and tool design phase

is the seventh phase of the engineering design process

Production planning and tool design phase establishes

a plan for mass producing the product and identifies the manufacturing tools that should be used. It is during this phase that a working prototype is built and tested for standard compliance.

Production phase

the eighth phase of the engineering design process.

Production phase involves

manufacturing the product and conducting periodic tests of machinery

How many phases are in the design process

8

Integrated systems

consist of numerous systems working in conjunction

Systems thinking

involves viewing a system as a collection of interconnected parts or processes, and then analyzing the cause and effect relationships between those parts or processes. Systems thinking is necessary when creating new products that always perform as intended

Feedback

when output produced by a particular event or behavior influences a recurrence of the same event or behavior in the future

A technology system

a manmade system. It combines materials, devices, energy, structures, and information as a means of solving problems or creating products

Resources are required to carry out technological activities. The key resources in technology include the following

• Tools and machines

• Processes

• Materials

• People

• Capital

• Energy

• Time

• Information

Requirements

the criteria and constraints that determine the final design and development of a system or project. They are created by examining the system in terms of concept-generation, marketing, production, use, disposability, and fiscal issues

Quality control

makes certain that products meet design requirements and customers receive functional products.

Mathematical models

an important component of optimization. They help engineer

to test and predict possible variations in system design

ISO 9000

set of rigorous international quality standards that are applicable to numerous types of organizations. Maintained by the International Organization for Standardization designed to help companies improve the quality of their products, processes, and services in a systematic and continuous

manner

Companies can receive an ISO 9000 certification by meeting certain requirements, including the following

• Proper record keeping system.

• Constant evaluation of manufacturing processes to ensure the creation of quality products.

• Examination of outgoing products for defects and taking appropriate corrective action when required.

• Method for continuous improvement.

• Regular reviews of processes and quality systems to ensure efficiency

Six Sigma and lean manufacturing,

seeks to reduce statistical variation and the number of nonconforming products

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act, creates and publishes construction standards intended to help provide disabled persons with better access to buildings. In March 2012, all new construction must comply with ADA standards

Research and development, or R&D

a systematic and creative process undertaken with the intent of

improving knowledge, culture, and society, and developing new application

Troubleshooting Diagnosis phase

The user must identify and describe the issues he is experiencing, such as unusually slow performance or failure to complete tasks. These issues are symptoms of underlying

problems. The user diagnoses the problem by matching the symptoms to symptoms listed in the troubleshooting procedures

Troubleshooting Resolution phase

After identifying the problems, the user follows a solution path. There may be multiple possible solution paths available to the user, and these paths may vary in complexity. Diagnosis and resolution are not always separate and distinct processes. Further diagnoses may be required during the resolution phase

Manufacturability

determines the ease with which a product can be manufactured. Engineers seek to design for manufacturability—that is, when designing a product, engineers always ensure that there is feasible way in which the product can be produced. Otherwise, it may fail at the manufacturing stage

Construction costs

estimated by cost engineers, who use scientific principles and techniques. Construction costs encompass a wide array of problems, including business planning and management, project management, planning and scheduling, profitability analysis, cost estimation and cost control

Consumer feedback

can be gathered by interviews, surveys, focus groups, meetings, and many other data gathering tools. Based on feedback from these tools, engineers can recommend and incorporate design revisions that will increase the usability of new products

Physical models

physical, three-dimensional copies. They can be smaller than the products they represent (these are often used to test a specific design feature without incurring the expense of a full-sized prototype) or they can be larger (these are often used to provide a better view of smaller components that

otherwise may be difficult to see)

scale model

special type of physical model. Regardless of its size

relative to the final project, a scale model is always exactly proportional

Prototypes

scale models that are the same size as the products they represent. Certain graphics software programs are capable of modeling objects in 3D. Computer modeling may be less expensive than creating a physical model while giving engineers the same benefit of visualization.

Engineering drawings

technical representation based on the technical drawing

discipline. They include and define all the requirements and critical information of a particular product

• Geometry - includes the shapes of the object and its appearance from various angles.

• Dimensions - include the size of the object expressed in standard units, such as inches, centimeters,

feet, meters, etc.

• Materials - include the components of the product.

• Finish - identifies the required surface quality of the product. In most cases, products contained

within industrial machines require lower surface quality than consumer products

A basic communication model involves several main components

• A sender

• A receiver

• A medium

• Contextual factors

• The message

• Positive or negative feedback

May also include noise and acknowledgement