5 & 6 WATER SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM & GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT

65 to 75 psi (450 to 520 kPa),

The recommended water pressure in a distribution system is which is ______________ considered adequate to compensate for local fluctuations in consumption.

40 psi (280 kPa)

For a residential service connections, the minimum pressure in the water distribution main should be __________

Drilled Well

Water in the voids of underground sand or gravel beds can be tapped for municipal supply by using a ____________

Towers

This type of surface water intake are for lakes and reservoirs with fluctuating water levels or variations of water quality with depth

Shore

This type of surface water intake is located adjacent to a river

Arterial mains or feeders

Under piping networks, these are pipelines or larger size that are connected to the transmission lines that supply the water distribution.

Parallel feeders

Under piping networks, these are cross-connected at interval of one mile, with valving, for isolation in emergency cases

Distribution lines

Under piping networks, these are connected to arterial loops to form gridiron system which services fire hydrants and domestic and commercial consumers.

Gridiron System

Under piping networks, this system is best arrangement for distributing water because:
All arterial and secondary mains are interconnected
Dead-ends are eliminated
Water is circulated
When piping repairs are necessary, the area removed from service can be reduced to one block if valves are properly located.

Dead-end system

Under piping networks, this system should be avoided in new area and can be corrected in existing systems by proper keeping. Water stagnation at this location may develop tastes and odors, to prevent this, this, may require frequent flushing.

Plastic Pipes

This is a kind of pipe that are not subject to corrosion or deterioration by chemical or biological activities. They are smooth, minimizing friction losses in water flow.

PVC (Polyvinyl chloride)

This is the plastic referred for water distribution piping because of its strength and resistance to pressure. Commonly manufactured sizes are 4 to 12 inches (100 to 300mm) with internal pressure of 100, 150, and 200psi.

Steel Pipes

This is a kind of pipe used in transmission lines. They are of high strength, able to yield without breaking, resisting shocks. Protection against corrosion is necessary

High-lift pumps

This is a type of pumps that deliver water from treatment to distribution system

Booster pumps

This is a type of pumps that deliver water to elevated points in distribution area

Elevated Tanks

In distribution pumping and storage, these have the advantage of that the pressure is derived from holding water that is higher than the surrounding terrain. This can be made from steel (50,000 to 3 mil gallons)

Ground Level Stand Pipes or Reservoir

In distribution pumping and storage, these are provided when gravity water pressure is not necessary or when booster pumps are used. Usually available in sizes up to 5 mil gal. These are applicable where the height of the tank exceeds diameter (If the diameter is greater than the height then it is a reservoir).

Valves

In distribution system, these are used in treatment plants, pumping stations, piping system, and storage reservoirs. Its function is to control magnitude and direction of flow. They have movable parts that extend into the pipeline for opening and closing the interior passage.

Shutoff Valve

What kind of valve is this?

Check Valve

What kind of valve is this?

Small Pressure-Reducing and Pilot Valves

What kind of valve is this?

Automatic Control Valves

What kind of valve is this?

Pressure Reducing Valves

What kind of valve is this?

Altitude Valves

What kind of valve is this?

Solenoid Pilot Valves

What kind of valve is this?

Air-Release Valves

What kind of valve is this?

EPANET

This is a computer program, it is a public-domain, water distribution system modeling software package. It performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water-quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks and is designed to be "a research tool that improves our understanding of the movement and fate of drinking water constituents within distribution systems"

Household Water Meter

This is used for measuring low rates of flow.

Turbine Type Water Meter

This is used for measuring high rates of flow.

Compound Water Meter

This is used for measuring high and low rates of flow.

Venturi Flow Meter

This is used for measuring differential pressure meters

Level 1

This is a level of water service. These are point sources (such as rain collector, wells, springs). Generally for rural areas where houses are scattered too thinly to justify a distribution system.

Level 2

This is a level of water service. Generally for rural areas where houses are clustered densely enough to justify a piped distribution system with faucet provided for a number of households.

Level 3

This is a level of water service. Generally suited for urban areas.

Groundwater Hydrology

Originates as infiltration from precipitation, streamflow, lakes and reservoir. The surface of saturated zone is called water table, and its depth is described by the level of free water in an observation well extending into a saturated zone.

Permeability

this is the ability of porous medium to transmit water.