AP Gov test 1

What are the 3 models of representative democracy?

Participatory:

• Expressed with high percentages of citizen engagement with the process

• Emphasis on broad participation in politics and civil society

Pluralistic:

• Recognizes group based activism by nongovernmental interests striving for impact on political decision making

• expressed through citizens forming interest groups to pressure policy making decisions

Elite:

• emphasis on limited participation in politics and civil society

• rule by indentifiable groups who possess a disproportionate share of political influence and power

What are majoritian Politics

• Everyone benefits from a policy and almost everyone pays for it

John Locke and the Declaration of independence

• Both expressed the idea of natural rights as the base for their ideas

• Both progressive

• D.O.F written by Thomas Jefferson

The government under the articles of Confederation and its failings

• The government satisfied the needs of people who wanted limited power

• Led to the gov. becoming too weak to function

• No state armies

• gov. created their own currency

• led to state debt and a crippling economy

• national gov. couldn't impose taxes on citizens

• each sate only had 1 vote

• 
  

Federalists v Anti federalists

Federalists:

• supported strong central government

• large republic could protect individual liberty

• didn’t like the Bill of Rights

• key authors: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John joy

Anti Federalists:

• believed power should remain with the states

• feared a strong central government would become tyrannical (king)

• Favored the Bill of Rights to protect individual freedom

• key authors: Patrick Henry, George Mason, “Brutus”

The principles and major plans of the constitutional convention

• the arguments were over the strength and power of the new central government which created tension

• ratification shall be debated at sate conventions

• 9/13 states need to ratify for all to accept

• Focused on gov, not individuals

• The bill of rights was created to gain anti federalist support

The amendment process

1. congress passes an amendment by 2/3rds in both houses

2. 2/3rds states call for a national convention

The principles of the constitution

1. popular sovereignty

• power to govern is granted by the people being governed

2. limited government

• the powers of the government are specifically limited by law

3. separation of powers

• exectiove, legislative, and judicial power are divided among Independent branches

4. checks and balances

• the branches each hold power over each other in order to keep them from coonflict

5. Federalism

• the national government and state government have their own powers Independent of eachother

6. Judicial Review

• the judicial branch has sole power to interpret foundational law and rule on it.

The bill of rights

• it was a compromise to gain anti-federalist support

• establishes further limits on federal power

• it guarantees the freedom of speech, religion, and basic rights

Federalism

a constitutional system of government where power is divided and shared between a central national government and regional state governments

How are powers organized in federalism

Split into 3 powers:

Enumerated powers - Powers given to the federal government by the constitution

Concurrent powers - shared state and federal powers that range from taxing, borrowing, making laws

Reserved powers - powers reserved to the states and denied to the federal government

The 10th amendment and the 14th amendment

Tenth amendment:

• reserved powers for the states

• the core foundation for federalism and reserved powers

fourteenth amendment

• granted citizenship

• shifted these powers to national government by placing strict constitutional limits on state actions

Dual Federalism v cooperative federalism

Dual:

• each government has its own sphere of influence

• the government has very little interaction

• protects state interests

Cooperative:

• the national government can promote policies for all citizens

• the states gain access to the federal tax revenue

• states can still focus on localized issues and solutions

*Originally we used dual federalism, today we use cooperative

the types of grant-in-aid

Categorical

• passed as part of laws by Congress

• has the most strings attatched to funds

block

• large banks of grants that states can apply for use of

• congress provides the Mooney, states run the program

• have been used to cut social program funding

revenue sharing

• based on complex formulasa

• congress gives a total percentage of tax revenue to states

nullification

the constitutional theory that an individual state can declare a federal law void and refuse to enforce it within its borders if the state believes the law is unconstitutional

devolution

the transfer of power, authority, and responsibility from a central or federal government to state, regional, or local governments

Orders of devolution

first order:

• Power shifts from the federal government to state governments, often affecting areas like education and welfare

Second order:

• Authority moves from state governments to local municipal or county bodies

Third order:

• olicy implementation shifts to private or non-governmental organizations, emphasizing public service privatization

The elastic clause and commerce clause

Elastic:

• it allows Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its listed (enumerated) powers.

• mculloh v maryland

• It is the constitutional source of implied powers—powers not explicitly written in the Constitution but reasonably deduced from explicit powers

Commerce:

• Article I, Section 8, it gives Congress the power to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes"

• It serves as the legal basis for a vast amount of federal legislation, allowing Congress to regulate anything that affects interstate business or economic activity

• U.S v lopez

Both have expanded federal government overtime and are found in article 1 section 8

powers of the states and powers of the federal government

state (reserved) powers:

• maintain/establish schools

• regulate intrastate commerce

• provide for public safety

• determine the qualification of voters

• conduct elections

• govern marriage laws

• maintain state militia

Federal (enumerated) powers

• regulate interstate commerece

• print and coin money

• set up pose offices

• maintain army, navy , air force

• declare and engage in war

• negotiate treaties with foreign countries

• borrow money

• admit new states

• set rules for immigration