katua exam 3

19-year-old collegiate baseball pitcher complains of gradual onset medial elbow pain during throwing. He notes a popping sensation when he fully extends his elbow. On exam, there is tenderness over the medial epicondyle and pain with valgus stress (inward push to a joint to see if the inner ligaments are strong) at 30° flexion.

What structure could be injured

Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament

3-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because she refuses to move her right arm after her older brother pulled her by the hand while playing. She is holding her arm close to her body with the elbow slightly flexed and the forearm pronated. There is no swelling, deformity, or bruising noted

Which of the following structures is most likely injured?

Annular ligament

What is the blocked out marking pointing at

Illiofemoral ligament

What does the illofemoral ligament do ?

Prevents hyper extension, its the strongest ligament in the body

What is the blacked out marking pointing at ?

Pubofemoral ligament

What does the pubofemoral ligament do

Limits hyper extension and excessive abduction

What is the blacked out marking pointing at?

Ischiofemoral ligament

What does the ischiofemoral ligament do?

Limits internal rotation and adduction and posterior dislocation

What is the blacked out marking pointing at

Transverse acetabular ligament

What does the transverse acetabular ligament do?

Completes acetabular labrum circle

What is the blacked out marking pointing at?

Ligamentum teres

What does the ligmentum teres do

Provides blood supply to femoral head in children, minimal mechanical support

Which ligament is crucial for preventing hyperextension of the hip joint?

lliofemoral ligament

25-year-old male is brought to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. He complains of severe pain in his right hip and is unable to move the leg. On examination, his right leg is shortened, flexed, and internally rotated. There is no distal neurovascular deficit. A-ray confirms a posterior dislocation of the hip joint.

Question:

Which ligament is most important in preventing internal

Ischiofemoral ligament

patient exhibits internal rotation and adduction of the hip joint. Which ligament plays a key role in preventing this movement?

Ischiofemoral ligament

Posterior dislocation

Leg flexed, adducted, and internally rotated

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) resists which type of stress?

Valgus stress

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevents which type of movement at the knee?

Anterior tibial translation

Which ligament is found on the lateral side of the elbow?

Radial (lateral) collateral ligament

The sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland, is found in the:

Sphenoid bone

Which of the following represents an amphiarthrosis joint?

Intervertebral discs

Which of the following joints does not allow for movement?

Suture

What type of articulation connects the two bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) at the elbow?

Pivot joint

Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest range of motion?

Ball-and-socket joint

Which of the following movements involves the sole of the foot twisting laterally?

Eversion

In anatomical terms, what movement is termed as 'opposition?

Movement of the thumb towards the fingers

What characterizes a synarthrosis joint?

Immovable

What type of structural joint is found between the vertebrae of the spine?

Symphyseal joint

What type of movement involves moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

Abduction

What part of the femur serves as the primary site for muscle attachment?

Trochanters

Anterior dislocation

Leg abducted and externally rotated

What is the term for the upper portion of the tibia that articulates with the femur?

Tibial condyles

The lesser sciatic notch is a feature of which bone?

Ischium

In females, which pelvic feature is adapted for childbearing?

Broad pubic angle

The ischium is one of three fused bones making up which part of the skeleton?

Coxal bone

Which part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis?

Femoral head

The medial malleolus is found on which bone?

Tibia

Which part of the clavicle articulates with the scapula?

Acromial end

What is another name for the hip bones?

Coxal bones

The olecranon is the anatomical term for which part of the body?

Point of the elbow

The joint between the clavicle and the scapula is known as?

Acromioclavicular joint

What are the three corners of the scapula known as?

Angles

Which bone is the lateral bone of the forearm?

Radius

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Two clavicles and two scapulae

Which of the following correctly matches a rotator cuff muscle with its origin and insertion?

Supraspinatus - Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula; Insertion:

Greater tubercle of humerus

A 52-year-old man comes to the clinic because of shoulder pain that began 3 weeks ago after he lifted a heavy box overhead. The pain worsens when he tries to reach for objects on a high shelf or when he lies on his right side. He reports difficulty initiating arm abduction, but once his arm is lifted by the opposite hand, he can continue raising it without difficulty. On examination, there is tenderness over the greater tubercle of the humerus. Which muscle is most likely injured?

1. Supraspinatus

Hamstring muscles originate from the:

1. Ischial tuberosity

What is the major function/action of hamstrings:

1. Knee flexion and hip extension

Which muscle is not part of the hamstring group?

1. Sartorius

A patient fractures the first metatarsal.

Where is this bone located?

1. On the medial side of the foot, proximal to the great toe

teenage athlete develops pain at the tibial tuberosity from repeated traction during running and jumping. Which structure attaches directly to this landmark?

Patellar ligament

What are the ligaments of the HIP

Illiofemoral

Pubofemoral

Ischiofemoral

Ligamentum teres

What is the left side of the blacked out marking pointing at?

Lateral menisci

What is the right side of the blacked out marking pointing at?

medial menisci

What is the cruciate ligament (ACL) it’s function

It prevents anterior tibial translation

What does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) what is its function

Prevents posterior tibial translation ( sliding )

What is the top part of the blacked out image pointing at

The PCL

What is the function of the collateral ligament (MCL)

Resists vagus stress, stabilizes medial side

What is the bottom part of the blacked out image pointing at?

ACL

What is the function of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

Resis varus stress, stabilizes lateral side

What is the blacked out LEFT side pointing at?

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

What is the blacked out RIGHT side pointing at?

medial collateral ligament (MCL)

What is valgus stress

• Push from the outside of the joint toward the inside.

• This makes the knee bend inward (like knock-knees).

• The medial side (inner side) of the knee gets stretched.

What is varus stress

• Push from the inside of the joint toward the outside.

• This makes the knee bend outward (like bow-legs).

• The lateral side (outer side) of the knee gets stretched.

What is Rheumatism

A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems.

What is Arthritis

All forms of rheumatism that manage articulation cartilages of synovial joints

What is osteoarthritis

Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation

Mainly in people over age of 60

What is rheumatoid arthritis

An inflammatory condition caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune diseases

This involves the immune system

What is gouty arthritis

Occurs when crystals ( uric acid or calcium salts)

Forms within synovial fluid due to metabolic disorders

What is joint immobilization

Reduces flow of suborbital fluid

Can cause arthritis symptoms

Treated by continuous passive motion ( therapy).

What happened with the bones when you age

Bone mass decreases

Bones weaken

Increases risk of hip fracture, hips duplication, or pelvic fracture

What is bone recycling

Living bones maintain equilibrium between

Bone building ( osteoblasts)

And breakdown ( osteoclasts)

What are the factors affection bone strength

Age

Physical stress

Hormone levels

Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion

Genetic and environmental factors

What are the disordered in the other body systems

Bone tumors

Osteoporosis

Arthritis

Rockets

patient fractures the bony prominence on the medial side of the ankle. Which structure is injured?

Medial malleolus of the tibia

Which bone receives most of the weight transferred from the femur into the leg?

Tibia

The patella develops within the quadriceps tendon. Based on this location, how is it classified?

Sesamoid bone

What is the primary function of the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur?

1. Provide attachment sites for muscles through their tendons

The medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with which structures to form the tibiofemoral part of the knee joint?

B. Medial and lateral condyles of the tibia

patient falls and dislocates the hip, causing the head of the femur to move out of its socket. Which structure normally articulates with the femoral head to form the hip joint?

Acetabulum

A student compares the two pelves shown in the diagram. Which combination of features is characteristic of the female pelvis?

1. Wide pubic arch and rounded or oval pelvic inlet

Which function is most closely associated with the false pelvis?

Supporting lower abdominal contents

a nonpregnant adult female with an empty urinary bladder, which group of organs is normally located primarily within the true pelvis?

Urinary bladder, uterus, and rectum

A student identifies the portion of the pelvis located below the pelvic brim.

Which region is being examined?

True pelvis

Body weight passes from the vertebral column through the sacrum to the hip bones. Which joints directly connect the sacrum to the hip bones?

Sacroiliac joints

Which tissue forms the interpubic disc that joins the right and left pubic bones?

Fibrocartilage

The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen.

Which bony landmark contributes to the formation of this opening?

Greater sciatic notch

A patient has a fracture involving the socket that receives the femoral head.

Which structure is fractured?

Acetabulum

A young adult falls onto an outstretched hand and develops tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox near the base of the thumb. Which carpal bone is most likely fractured?

Scaphoid

The ulnar notch at the distal end of the radius articulates with which structure?

Head of the ulna

A fibrous sheet connects the shafts of the radius and ulna. What is this structure called?

Interosseous membrane

As a student fully straightens the elbow, which structure enters the olecranon fossa of the humerus?

1. Olecranon of the ulna

34 year old male falls directly onto the bony point of the elbow (on the posterior side). Which structure receives the impact?

Olecranon of the ulna

Which pairing correctly matches the distal humerus with the forearm bone it articulates with?

Response recorded

Trochlea-ulna; Capitulum-radius

A physician documents an injury to the brachium. Which bone is located in this region?

Humerus

patient dislocates the shoulder when the head of the humerus moves out of its socket. Which structure forms this socket?

Glenoid cavity

Which joint provides the only direct bony connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?

Acromioclavicular joint

student identifies the lateral end of a CLAVICLE bone. Which structure normally articulates with this end?

Acromion of the scapula

A 23-year-old skier falls while his foot remains fixed in the ski binding, twisting his lower leg. An X-ray shows a fracture line that winds around the shaft of the tibia. Which type of fracture is shown?

Spiral fracture

A patient is brought to the emergency department after a motor vehicle collision. The X-ray shown above is obtained. The fracture primarily involves which region of the bone?

Femoral diaphysis