Thẻ ghi nhớ: IMAT General Knowledge Part 1

Renaissance vs Enlightenment

Renaissance (1400s-1600s) focused on art and science rebirth; Enlightenment (1685-1815) focused on reason and philosophy.

Ancient Greece vs Ancient Rome

Greece is the origin of philosophy and democracy; Rome is known for law, engineering, and empire.

Treaty of Paris (1951)

Created the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the earliest ancestor of the EU.

Treaty of Rome (1957)

Established the European Economic Community (EEC) and included the 'Inner Six' founding members.

Maastricht Treaty (1992)

Formally created the 'European Union' and introduced the euro framework.

Treaty of Lisbon (2007)

Streamlined EU decision-making and created the President of the European Council role.

EU Founding Members (Inner Six)

France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. (Great Britain was NOT a founder).

General assembly

all member sates one vote each discusses global issues

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

Secretariat

Administrative arm led by the Secretary-General.

European Commission Role

Proposes new laws and policies and monitors their implementation (the EU's executive).

European Parliament Role

Directly elected by EU citizens to debate and vote on legislation.

Council of the EU

Represents member state governments and negotiates and adopts laws.

European Council

Composed of heads of state or government; sets the overall political direction of the EU.

Court of Justice of the EU

Interprets EU law and ensures it is applied equally in all member states.

WTO

The World Trade Organization - an international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade; successor to the GATT

IMF

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization- EDUCATION/HERITAGE/SCIENCE

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries-coordinates oil production policy

UNICEF

United Nations Children's Fund-CHILD WELFARE WORLDWIDE

UN Security Council Permanent Members

USA, UK, France, Russia, and China. Each holds veto power.

World Health Organization (WHO)

A UN specialized agency founded in 1948, headquartered in Geneva, focusing on global public health.

NATO Article 5

Core principle stating that an attack on one member is treated as an attack on all members.

separation of powers

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government to prevent abuse of power

judiciary

the branch of govt that inteprets and applies the law (courts)

Constitution

the foundational set of laws/principles governing a state

Civil Law vs Criminal Law

Civil law deals with disputes between individuals/organizations; criminal law deals with offenses against the state/society.

Supply & Demand Economics

When demand rises and supply stays constant, price goes UP. When supply rises and demand stays constant, price goes DOWN.

perfect competition

Market structure with many buyers and sellers. identical products

Monopoly Market Structure

A market structure where ONE seller controls the entire market and can set prices.

Oligopoly Market Structure

A market structure where a FEW large firms dominate the market (e.g., airlines, telecommunications).

what is citizenship

includes rights voting legal protection freedom of speech and responsibilities paying taxes obeying laws jury duty in some countries

Copernicus's Contribution

Proposed the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the universe (published 1543).

Galileo theory

supported heliocentrism- used the telescope to provide observational evidence famously tried by the church

Ptolemy's theory

geocentric model- earth at the center of the universe ancient greek view widely accepted for centuries

Newton's Theory

universal gravitation- explained why planets orbit- gravity pulls objects toward the largest mass

Kepler's Contribution

Established the laws of planetary motion, showing that planets move in elliptical orbits.

Charles Darwin

theory of evolution by natural selection on the origin of species 1859

Marie Curie

pioneering research on radioactivity

Albert Einstein

theory of relativity

Gregor Mendel

Father of genetics pea plant inheritance expirements

Newton's Contribution

Explained universal gravitation, showing how gravity pulls objects toward the largest mass.

Albert Einstein's Nobel Prize

Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for the photoelectric effect, NOT for his theory of relativity.

Original Nobel Prize Categories

Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace (established in 1895/1901).

Economics Nobel Prize Addition

Added later in 1968, technically known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

Notable Non-Winners of the Nobel Prize

Stephen Hawking and Mahatma Gandhi are famous historical figures who never won a Nobel Prize.

famous winners of the nobel prize

marie curie- won twice only person to win in two sciences (physics 1903 and chem 1911)

albert einstein physics 1921 for the photoelectric effect

winston churchill - literature 1953 for historical speaking

youngest nobel laureate

malala yousafzai peace prize age 17

prize is never given posthumously

except in rare special circumstances