Chemistry (Chemical Reactivity)

effect of concentration

increase of reactants will favour forwards reaction, increase of products will favour backwards reaction

effect of changing pressure/volume

increase in pressure (decrease in volume) will favour the reaction that produces the least amount of gas moles. decrease in pressure (increase in volume) will favour the reaction that produces the most amount of gas moles.

effect of catalyst

no effect on equilibrium position

effect of temperature

increase of temp will favour the endothermic reaction to use up heat energy, decrease in temp will favour exothermic reaction to produce more heat energy

size of Kc

Kc bigger than 1 = equilibrium favours forward reaction, Kc smaller than 1 = equilibrium favours backwards reaction

le chateliers principle

when a change is made to the conc, temp, volume, or pressure of a system in equilibrium, equilibrium position will shift to undo the change

catalyst

increases rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy

collision theory

particles must collide with sufficient energy and in correct orientation in order to react

factors that affect reaction rate

concentration, surface area, catalyst, temperature

acid

releases H+ ions and donates protons

base

releases OH- ions and accepts protons

dissociation in water

the process where ionic compounds, acids, or molecules break apart into smaller particles or ions when they dissolve.

why do strong acids conduct more electricity than weak acids

strong acids completely dissociate in water, creating a high number of positive and negative ions. these free-moving ions carry electrical current through the liquid very easily.

strong vs weak acids

strong acids fully break apart into ions in water while weak acids only break partially in water.

common strong acids

HCL, H2SO4, HBR, HNO3

who do weak acids not conduct a lot of electricity

because they only break apart into a few ions in water so there are not many free ions to carry the electrical charge through liquid so therefore it has lower electrical conductivity