history

Mythical story where two boys raised by a she-wolf founded Rome

Romulus and Remus

Early settlers on the Italian peninsula who influenced Roman culture

Etruscans

Rome's government after the kings

Republic

Two elected leaders of the Roman Republic

Consuls

Emergency ruler with absolute power for 6 months

Dictator

Common people of Rome

Plebeians

Written Roman laws protecting plebeians

Twelve Tables

Wealthy Roman upper class

Patricians

Wars between Rome and Carthage

Punic Wars

Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with elephants

Hannibal

People from Carthage who fought Rome

Carthaginians

Main military unit of Rome

Legion

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

First Triumvirate

Roman leader assassinated on the Ides of March

Julius Caesar

Leipidus, Mark Antony, and Octavian

Second Triumvirate

First Roman emperor

Octavian Augustus

Roman emperor who legalized Christianity and moved the capital

Constantine

Period of Roman peace and prosperity

Pax Romana

Arena events used to entertain Roman citizens

Gladiatorial Games

Large Roman amphitheater

Coliseum

Paintings made on wet plaster walls

Frescoes

Images carved projecting from stone

Bas Relief

Art made from small pieces of tile or glass

Mosaic

Structures that carried water into Roman cities

Aqueducts

Languages derived from Latin

Romance Languages

Birthplace of Islam

Arabian Peninsula

Nomadic pastoral people of Arabia

Bedouins

Religion meaning submission to Allah

Islam

Follower of Islam

Muslim

Arabic word for God

Allah

Muslim place of worship

Mosque

Five duties required of Muslims

Five Pillars of Faith

Holy city Muslims travel to on pilgrimage

Mecca

Sacred black stone shrine in Mecca

Ka'aba

Founder of Islam

Muhammad

Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina

Hijrah

Community of Muslim believers

Umma

Holy book of Islam

Quran

Islamic law code

Shari'a

Successor to Muhammad

Caliph

Largest branch of Islam

Sunni

Branch of Islam believing leaders should descend from Muhammad

Shi'a

Mystical branch of Islam

Sufi

Center of learning in Baghdad

House of Wisdom

Protected Christians and Jews under Muslim rule

People of the Book

Muslim achievements included algebra and astronomy

Muslim Inventions

Capital of the Byzantine Empire

Constantinople

Byzantine emperor who reconquered land and created a law code

Justinian

Powerful wife of Justinian

Theodora

Deadly plague during Justinian's reign

Plague of Justinian

Simplified Roman law code

Code of Justinian

Famous church built by Justinian

Hagia Sophia

Destruction of religious icons

Iconoclasm

Split between Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches

Great Schism

Leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Patriarch

Government where ruler controls church and state

Caesaropapism

Missionaries who created the Cyrillic alphabet

Cyril and Methodius

Russian title derived from Caesar

Czar

Mongol khanate in Russia

Golden Horde

Scandinavian raiders and explorers

Vikings

System using skilled workers to run government

Civil Service/Bureaucracy

Religion popular during Tang and Song China

Buddhism

Founder of the Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan

Peace and trade during Mongol rule

Pax Mongolica

Grandson of Genghis Khan who ruled China

Kublai Khan

Mongol dynasty ruling China

Yuan Dynasty

European traveler who visited Yuan China

Marco Polo

Founder of the Han Dynasty

Liu Bang

Powerful regent of the Han Dynasty

Empress Lu

Han emperor who expanded the empire

Wudi

Chinese invention that spread education

Paper

Popular branch of Buddhism with bodhisattvas

Mahayana Buddhism

Traditional branch of Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism

Enlightened being who helps others achieve nirvana

Bodhisattva

Founder of India's Mauryan Empire

Chandragupta Maurya

Advisor who wrote Arthashastra

Kautilya

Ancient Indian book on statecraft and warfare

Arthashastra

Mauryan ruler who converted to Buddhism

Asoka

Gupta ruler during India's golden age

Chandra Gupta II

Advanced civilization known for calendars and pyramids

Mayans

Largest Andean empire in South America

Inca

Incan family or community group

Ayllu

Incan labor tax system

Mita

Incan knotted string record system

Quipu

Incan ruler who expanded the empire

Pachacuti

Aztec ruler defeated by the Spanish

Montezuma

Powerful empire in central Mexico

Aztecs

Floating farms used by the Aztecs

Chinampas

Political system based on land for loyalty

Feudalism

Wealthy kingdom in Ethiopia and Eritrea

Aksum

Migration spreading Bantu language and culture

Bantu Migration

Important trading port of Axum

Adulis

Christian kingdom in Africa known for rock churches

Aksum Ethiopia

Grasslands with scattered trees in Africa

Savannas

Famous temple complex in Cambodia

Angkor Wat

Japanese leader who promoted Buddhism and Chinese culture

Prince Shotoku

Largest Buddhist temple in the world

Borobudur Temple

Region south of the Sahara Desert

Sahel

King who made Christianity official in Axum

King Ezana

Ancient African kingdom that once ruled Egypt

Kush