BIO 107: Unit 3 - Ch 13 Spinal Cord & Nerves

NOT FINISH - Need to add lecture 17, 18, and images from slides

What is the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord?

What part of the spinal cord is:

• Groove on the posterior side

What is the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord?

What part of the spinal cord is:

• Deeper groove on anterior side

What is the conus medullaris of the spinal cord?

What part of the spinal cord is:

• Thin and conical below the lumbar enlargement

What is the filum terminale of the spinal cord?

What part of the spinal cord is:

• Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris that attaches to coccygeal ligament

What is the cauda equina of the spinal cord?

What part of the spinal cord are:

• Nerve roots extending below conus medullaris

There are 31 segments within the __

How many spinal cord segment are there?

What is the dorsal root of the spinal nerves?

Which branch of the spinal nerves:

• Contains axons of sensory neurons

What the dorsal root ganglia?

What part of the dorsal root:

• Contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

What is the ventral root of the spinal nerves?

Which branch of the spinal nerves:

• Contains axons of motor neurons

What are the cranial meninges?

Which type of meninges:

• Surrounds the brain

What are the spinal meninges?

Which type of meninges:

• Start at foramen magnum

• Protect spinal cord

• Carry blood supply

• Continuous with cranial meninges

What is the dura mater of the meningeal layers?

Which meningeal layer is:

• Outer layer of spinal cord

• Tough and fibrous

What is the epidural space of the meningeal layers?

Which part of the meningeal layers is:

• Between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal

• Contains loose connective and adipose tissue

• Anesthetic injection site

What is the arachnoid mater of the meningeal layers?

Which meningeal layer is:

• Middle meningeal layer of spinal cord

• Arachnoid membrane

  • Simple squamous epithelia

  • Covers arachnoid mater

What is the subarachnoid space of inter-layer spaces?

Which inter-layer spaces:

• Between arachnoid mater and pia mater

• Contains collagen/elastin fiber network (arachnoid trabeculae)

• Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What is the cerebrospinal fluid of inter-layer spaces?

Which inter-layer spaces:

• Is found in subarachnoid space

• Carries dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes

• Spinal tap - withdraws CSF

What is the pia mater of the meningeal layers?

Which meningeal layer is:

• Innermost meningeal layer

• A mesh of collagen and elastic fibers

• Bound to underlying neural tissue

What are the denticulate ligaments of the pia mater?

What part of the pia mater:

• Anchors spinal cord

• Prevents lateral movement

What is the sensory nuclei?

Which nuclei type is:

• Dorsal (posterior), connect to peripheral receptors

• Receives & relays sensory info from peripheral receptors

What is the motor nuclei?

Which nuclei type is:

• Ventral (anterior), connect to peripheral effectors

What are the posterior gray horns?

Which of the gray horns:

• Contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

• On posterior side

What are the anterior gray horns?

Which of the gray horns:

• Contain somatic motor nuclei

• On anterior side

What are the lateral gray horns?

Which of the gray horns:

• Are in thoracic and lumbar segments

• Contain visceral motor nuclei

• On lateral side

What are the posterior white columns?

Which of the white columns:

• Lie between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus

What are the anterior white columns?

Which of the white columns:

• Lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure

What are the lateral white columns?

Which of the white columns:

• Located on each side spinal cord

• Between anterior and posterior columns

What are the ascending tracts?

Which of the tracts:

• Carry information to the brain

What are the descending tracts?

Which of the tracts:

• Carry motor commands to spinal cord

What is the white ramus of spinal nerves?

Which ramus of spinal nerves:

• The first branch from the spinal nerve

  • Carries visceral motor fibers to sympathetic ganglion of autonomic nervous system

• Preganglionic branch

• Myelinated axons

What is the gray ramus of spinal nerves?

Which ramus of spinal nerves:

• Unmyelinated nerves

• Innervates smooth muscles & glands

• Return from sympathetic ganglion

• Rejoin spinal nerve

What is the dorsal ramus of spinal nerves?

Which ramus of spinal nerves:

• Contains somatic and visceral motor fibers that innervates the back

What is the ventral ramus of spinal nerves?

Which ramus of spinal nerves:

• Larger branch that innervates ventrolateral structures and limbs with somatic and visceral motor fibers

What are dermatomes of spinal nerves

What is the bilateral region of skin monitored by specific pair of spinal nerves?

What is the cervical plexus of the ventral rami?

Which plexus of the ventral rami:

• Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C₁-C₅

• Innervates neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragmatic muscles

• Major nerve

  • Phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm)

What is the brachial plexus of the ventral rami?

Which plexus of the ventral rami:

• Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C₅-T₁

• Innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs

What are the trunks and cords of the brachial plexus?

What are named according to their location relative to the axillary artery?

(roots → trunks → divisions → cords → branches)

What is the lumbar plexus of the ventral rami?

Which plexus of the ventral rami:

• Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves T₁₂-L₄

• Major nerves

  • Femoral nerve

  • Obturator

  • Genitofemoral nerve

What is the sacral plexus of the ventral rami?

Which plexus of the ventral rami:

• Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves L₄-S₄

• Major nerves

  • Gluteals

  • Pudendal nerve

  • Sciatic nerve

• Branches of sciatic nerve

  • Fibular nerve

  • Tibial nerve

What innervates the upper arm (radical)?

What does C5 innervates?

What innervates the pinky finger?

What does C8 innervates?

What innervates the upper knee?

What does L3 innervates?

What innervates the bottom foot (plantar)?

What does S1 innervates?

What innervates the thumb?

What does C6 innervates?

What innervates the upper armpit?

What does T1 innervates?

What innervates the medial calf?

What does L4 innervates?

What innervates the back of hamstring?

What does S2 innervates?

What innervates the middle finger?

What does C7 innervates?

What innervates the lateral skin?

What does L5 innervates?

What are the neuronal pools?

What are functional groups of interconnected neurons (interneurons)?

What is divergence of neuronal pools?

Which patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools:

• Spreads stimulation to many neurons or neuronal pools in CNS

• Ex) sensory info entering CNS

What is convergence of neuronal pools?

Which patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools:

• Brings input from many sources to a single neuron

• Many neurons can have the same effect

• Ex) controlling the diaphragm

What is serial processing of neuronal pools?

Which patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools:

• Moves information in single line - step by step

• Ex) pain relay

What is parallel processing of neuronal pools?

Which patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools:

• Moves same information along several paths simultaneously

• Ex) many responses to one stimuli

What is reverberation of neuronal pools?

Which patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools:

• Positive feedback mechanism

• Functions until inhibited

• Complicated

• Ex) maintain consciousness

What are neural reflexes?

What are rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli to preserve homeostasis?

What is the process of a neural reflexes?

What is this the process of:

1. Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor

2. Activation of sensory neuron

3. Information processing by postsynaptic cell

4. Activation of motor neuron

5. Response of peripheral effector

What is the first step of a neural reflex?

Which step of a neural reflex is:

• Arrival of stimulus

• Activation of receptor

• Physical or chemical changes

What is the second step of a neural reflex, after arrival of stimulus?

Which step of a neural reflex is:

• Activation of sensory neuron

• Graded depolarization

What is the third step of a neural reflex, after activation of sensory neuron?

Which step of a neural reflex is:

• Information processing by postsynaptic cell

• Triggered by neurotransmitters

What is the fourth step of a neural reflex, after information processing by postsynaptic cell?

Which step of a neural reflex is:

• Activation of motor neuron

• Action potential

What is the fifth step of a neural reflex, after activation of motor neuron?

Which step of a neural reflex is:

• Response of peripheral effector

• Triggered by neurotransmitters

What are innate reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Basic neural reflexes formed before birth

• Ex) blinking, swallowing

What are acquired reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Rapid, automatic learned motor patterns

• Ex) brake pedal, sports

What are somatic reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Involuntary control of skeletal muscular system

• Ex) patellar reflex

What are visceral reflexes (autonomic reflexes)?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Control systems other than muscular system

What are cranial reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Occurs in brain

What are spinal reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Occurs in spinal cord

What are monosynaptic reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron

• Stretch reflexes (deep tendon reflexes)

• Ex) patellar reflex

What are polysynaptic reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• At least 1 interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron

• Ex) tendon reflex, withdrawal reflex, flexor, and crossed extensor reflexes

What is the tendon reflex?

What reflex prevents skeletal muscles from developing too much tension, prevents tearing or breaking of tendons?

What are postural reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Many stretch reflexes

• Help maintain normal upright posture

What is the patellar reflex?

What stretches the quadriceps muscle when there’s a tap on the patellar tendon?

What are withdrawal reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Move body part away from stimulus (pain or pressure)

• Ex) flexor reflex - pulls hand away from hot stove

What is the function of reciprocal inhibition?

What is this the function of:

• The stretch reflex of antagonistic (extensor) muscle must be inhibited (reciprocal inhibition) by interneurons in spinal cord

What are crossed extensor reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Flexor reflex cause leg to pull up

• Crossed extensor reflex straightens other leg to receive body weight, maintained by reverberating circuits

What are the Babinski reflexes?

What kind of reflexes are:

• Normal in infants

• May indicate CNS damage in adults

What is flaccid paralysis?

Which type of paralysis is:

• Not muscle contracting

What is spastic paralysis?

Which type of paralysis is:

• Cerebral palsy