Women and Demographic Change (68-72)

Shifts through the DTM predict what change in within woman’s status?

An increase in women’s economic and social status from initially being restricted to child-rearing to receiving expanded access to educational and employment, greater access to contraceptives and reproductive healthcare, and other family planning initiatives which reduce women’s Independence by reducing child dependents

What indicators in India demonstrate an improvement in QOL for women?

Child marriage rates and teen pregnancies

In India how much have child marriages decreased since 2000?

They have halved

How much have teen pregnancies reduced by since 2000?

A sharp reduction

What is one of the easiest ways geographers can predict women’s roles?

CBR

In stages 4 and 5 of the DTM what do women do that reflects social values?

Get married and have children later which reflects the social value attained at younger adult ages in employment and education which also coincides with their greater access to familyn planning and less kids

Countries in stages 4 and 5 of the DTM have what TFR?

One below the replacement rate

How has the EU increased economic output?

Increasing gender equality which adds jobs to the economy, and encourages stable family growth that sustains older populations

What do countries in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM see in terms of women and their freedoms?

They see childbirth a younger ages, reflecting a low social value attributed to women’s education and employment attainment, coinciding with high TFR’s and limited access to family planning

In what years was the CDR of England and Wales fluctuating from being greater, and less than the CBR?

1641-1741 experienced periods where CDR was higher and periods where CDR was lower

What was the CBR of England and Wales in 1541?

40

What was the CDR in England and Wales in 1541?

29

What is the highest the CBR of ENgland and Wales has ever been?

42

What is the highest the CDR of ENgland and Wales has ever been?

35 ish

What was the CBR of England and Wales in 2017?

10

What was the CDR of ENgland and Wales in 2017

10

What years in ENgland and Wales experienced the largest NIR?

Roughly 1791-1907

How do women’s parental roles change in developed nations?

The are often shared between men and women and its common for both parents to work

Why do family sizes remain relatively small in developed nations?

In part because CMR is lower, reducing the need for several children to increase changes of surviving offspring

What roles do women typically have in developing nations?

They care for children and assume duties typically assigned to gender roles; thea assume responsibility of domestic spheres of life and/or assists w agriculture

Large family sizes reflect what indicators?

Higher CMR and limited access to contraceptives and reproductive behavior. High CMR and IMR usually indicate high MMR (maternal mortality rate)

MMR is measured in what per what?

Number of deaths of women due to pregnancy related causes per 100,000 live births

MMR in what nations remains higher than many other developed donations?

The USA

What does the higher MMR in the US relative to developed nations reflect?

Unequal access to women’s healthcare based in part on regional and racial inequalities

What groups of mothers typically have higher MMR and CMR rates than other groups?

Black mothers and children

MMR is most concentrated in what US state?

Louisiana

California had what MMR average between 2019 and 2023?

<26

Texas has what MMR average between 2019 and 2023?

35-49

Most of the deep south had what MMR between 2019 and 2023? What are the exception states?

50+; Florida, Texas, and South Carolina

What was the average MMR of Florida ebtween 2019 and 2023?

30-34.9

What do developed economies provide women the opportunity to do?

Pursue a career in addition to raising families

Urban cores provide ________ regions that facilitate _________ opportunities leading to _____-______ migration

Functional;economic;urban-rural

What factors within cities encourage smaller families?

Higher costs of living and smaller living spaces, while increased QOL causes parents to want more resources per child (for college opportunities for example)

How do developing nations often use children and thus family sizes?

Labor pool for agricultural and domestic tasks sop they encourage large families

Brazil is in what stage of the DTM?

4

If a family in brazil moves from a rural to urban area for economic advancement then what is expected?

The higher rates for apartment s would change their family planning and access to better birth control methods would help parents decide to limit to 2 children

How do women’s political activity change in developed nations?

They have enhanced political autonomy and can vote, run for office, lead campaigns for new or different policies etc.

What does AGIR stand for?

Association of Female Indigenous Warriors frm Rondonia

What did AGIR coalesce to advocate for in 2015?

For political agency of women and against destruction of indigenous lands for mining

AGIR is based where?

Rondonia, Brazil

When did AGIR coalesce to advocate for political rights for women and indigenous rights of landin Brazil?

2015

What is an example of how demographic roles of women are in a constant state of flux today?

While young men used to dominate migrant labor populations increasing numbers of women are moving into cities to gain better jobs

What jobs are enoucrage migration by women?

Caretaking, nursing and the service/hospitality industries

Since 2024 what has happened ot the gap between make and female labor migrants?

It has icreasingly narrowed

Women have compromised what percentage of international migrant laborers since 2024?

48%

Describe the trend for TFR in Tajikistan between 1960 and 2014

IT started at a TFR of 6 in 1960 and rose slightly till 1970 before decreasing gradually until 2014 where it was just above 3.

Describe the trend in life expectancy for females in Tajikistan since 1960 to 2014

In 1960 it started off just below 60 and has gradually risen until 2014 where it is just over 73

Describe the trend in life expectancy for males in Tajikistan since 1960 to 2014

It started off just below 55 in 1960 and has gradually risen until around 1986 where it reached just over 60 but then it decreased until 1993 just below 60 before rising gradually to around 66 in 2014

What was the TFR of Tajikistan in 1960?

6

What was the TFR of Tajikistan in in 1969?

6.5

What was the TFR of Tajikistan in 1993?

5

What was the TFR of Tajikistan in 2014?

3.25

What was the life expectancy of women in Tajikistan in 1960?

Around 59

What was the life expectancy of women in Tajikistan in 1981?

65

What was the life expectancy of women in Tajikistan in 1963?

60

What was the life expectancy of women in Tajikistan in 2005?

70

What was the life expectancy of women in Tajikistan in 2014?

Around 74

What was the life expectancy of men in Tajikistan in 1960?

54

What was the life expectancy of men in Tajikistan in 1960?1981

60

What was the life expectancy of men in Tajikistan in1 1963?

55

What was the life expectancy of men in Tajikistan in 1987?

61

What was the life expectancy of men in Tajikistan in 1993?

Around 59

What was the life expectancy of men in Tajikistan in 2000?

60

What was the life expectancy of men in Tajikistan in 2014?

66

What was athe old-age dependency ratio in 2023 in the US?

25-30%

What was the old-age dependency ratio in 2023 in Canada?

23-30%

What was athe old-age dependency ratio in 2023 in Australia?

23-30%

What was athe old-age dependency ratio in 2023 in Africa generally?

No higher than 15% with the majority between 5-10%

What was athe old-age dependency ratio in 2023 in China?

15-20%

What was athe old-age dependency ratio in 2023 in Russia?

25-30%

What was athe old-age dependency ratio in 2023 in Europe generally?

20% or higher, with most in the 25%+ range

What country and the highest old-age dependency ratio in 2023? What was it?

Japan 45%+

As more and more countries enter stage 5 of the DTM what happens?

CDR outpaces CBR and negative NIR and inverted pyramids begin rising. This means retired populations outgrow younger workers who support them and cause economic strain for individual families supporting elderly and for governments who deploy pension s, medical funds and disability initiatives

Government priorities especially in _________ countries are especially influenced by ______ populations

Democratic; aging

How do policies in democratic countries with aging populations end up prioritizing older adults?

Older adults use their vote and economic power to push for changes that benefit them like subsidized healthcare, retirement benefits and expanded rights for disabled people

Older populations who benefit from retirement may want to raise what standardized age within the country?

The retirement age to increase the tax revenues that support them

What types of policies can also increase the available funds for older individuals?

Lax immigration policies since they increase the labor pool

The world’s population of aging dependents is expected to do what by 2050?

Double

By when is the global population of aging dependents expected to double?

2050

A report by what agency estimates the doubling time of the global aging dependent population as 2050?

World Economic Forum

What three nations policies reflect attempts by governments of aging populations to ensure resources to support them? What are the policies?

South korea’s pronatalist policies, China’s expanded maternal leave, and Japan’s expansion of funding for child services