Appalachian History 2

What battle started the Civil War?

The battle of Fort Sumter.

How many troops did Lincoln call to volunteer?

He called 75,000 volunteer troops.

Who did Virginia side with during the Civil War?

They sided with the Confederate States of America (C.S.A.)

Who was the president of the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis

What counties in Virginia refused to succeed with the the rest of the state?

The state’s Western counties refused to succeed with the state.

Where was this convention held in Virginia (during the Civil war) and what was its goal?

The convention was held in Wheeling, and it was to discuss a reorganized VA. gov that would remain loyal to the U.S.

On October 1861, what did the convention, the one held in Western Va, vote for?

It voted for 'dismemberment’ or succeeding from succession. They wanted to break away from their state.

What were the pressing issues now that Virginia was split?

The boundaries of the state, and the new state’s name.

Who was W.B. Curtis?

He tried to recruit a battalion for the Union army at West Liberty academy. 75 of the 76 students attending the school at the time followed him to join the Union.

Fun fact: We have a hall dedicated to this man (Curtis Hall).

What was President Lincoln’s goal during the civil war?

His goal was to preserve the union at all costs.

Who were the unconditional Unionists and what do they do/believe.

They supported Lincoln

They were ready to accept freeing of slaves by Congress.

They aligned with the Republican Party.

Who were the conservative unionists?

Feared Lincoln’s administration as abolitionist & dictatorship.

These included copperheads who were northern citizens with souther sympathies.

They allinged with the democratic party.

What was the defining trait of the conservative unionists?

They were afraid of Lincoln’s administration and saw it as abolitionist and dictatorial.

What were the confederates’ advantage during the civil war?

Morale of its soldiers

There was popular support for the war amongst its civilians.

They had quality leadership.

Who were the “quality leaders” of the confederate army

Robert E. Lee

Thomas Jackson

What were the Union Advantages during the civil war?

They had the bigger population

They had the supply and industry

They had good leadership

The union had control of the railroads.

What was critical for the Union to control of W.V.A. in 1861.

Securing the B&O railroad was critical to control of W.Va. for the Union.

What were some constitutional issues that threw the statehood of W.V. into question when it was still being debated on being admitted into the Union?

Slavery

Legality of the split.

Why was slavery an issue for W.Va. statehood?

Congress did not want to admit a new state where slavery was allowed. (The whole point of the damn Civil War).

How did Congress circumvent this slavery issue.

The Willey Admendment allowed made the state enter as a free state.

Is Wv state hood legal?

The constitution requires consent of a state using its territory for statehood.

Wheeling’s restored govt. speaks for VA. NOT Richmond.

What were the troop demographics for WV.

Allegiances in WV were split:

18,000 joined C.S.A

32,000 joined the Union.

Where was the greatest Union Sentiment?

Greatest union sentiment was in the 24 northwestern counties:

a. Ohio River Valley

b. B&O Railroad lines

Soldiers from WV fought in most major battles: Which battles were these?

antietam

Gettysburg

New Market - VA

What were the bushwackers

Bushwackers were when someone used the war to settle personal scores.

They engaged in lawless behavior

They created grudges that festered long after War’s end.

What were women used for in the civil war

They were recruited as spies for both sides of the war.

They cared for the wounded and dying.

Who was the most famous woman spy?

Bell Boyd was the most popular confederate spy. She slept with Union officers and obtained their secrets.

What were Mother’s day work clubs

Aided women who were impoverished by war.

Who organized the Mother’s Day work clubs?

They were organized Anna Jarvis.

What did Governor Arthur Boreman deny confederates?

He denied them the rights to

• Vote

• Hold political office

• Practice law

• Teach

What were major obstacles faced by the First West Virginia Legislature?

• 15 counties had not voted in the first election

• Republicans vs. Democrats for control of state.

What were the major accomplishments?

Board of Public works was established

Free public schools for children

Plan for taxation & property assessments

The establishment of West Virginia University (using the Morrill Act).

Design of state seal.

Who designed the State Seal

Joseph Diss Debar - he was from Switzerland

Leaders of both political parties in WV tended to be

• Conservative

• Parochial (Local interests are what matters).

• Pro-Business - Bends over backwards to get business to come into state.

What did the Flick Amendment (1871) do?

Removed all restrictions on former confederates.

Democrats reclaimed WV political power.

What does Bourbon refer to in politics?

Refers to someone who never learned anything but never forgot anything.

What did the democratic party reflect?

• Conservative ideology

• Rural Orientation

• Pro-Confederate sympathies

What were the Democratic Party Factions

Regulars, Redeemers, Agrarians, Kanawha Ring (legal firms in the Charleston area).

Who were the regulars?

Strongest in northern & Western parts of WV

Wanted to modernize party.

Who were the redeemers?

Strongest in southern & eastern parts of WV.

Who were the Agrarians against?

Against railroad monopolies.

Who were some key political figures in WV?

Johnson Camden (Dem)

Henry G. Davis (Dem)

Stephen B. Elkins (Rep).

What did Johnson Camden do?

• Sold to standard oil

• Became their lobbyist

• epitome of business + politics in WV

What did Henry G. Davis do

Owner of WV Central RR

U.S. Senator

Co founder of Davis and Elkins

What did Stephen B. Elkins do?

David’s Son-in-law

U.S. Senator

Operated WV’s first political machine 1895-1911

He was a co founder of Davis and Elkins

What were the factors of the industrial age?

Largest market in the world

Governmental support without regulation

Wealth of natural resources

What created a land frenzy in WV.

Rush for mineral right created a land frenzy. Agents swarmed in to swindle land owners.

What were the positive effects of Industrialization in WV?

• Jobs

• Urbanization - alternative for rural residents

• Improved civic and cultural life

• Large number of immigrants - more cultural diversity

Why was the National Association of Manufactures formed in 1893?

It was formed to combat the growth of unions.

Why did companies seek to hire immigrants as employees?

• They were willing to work for lower wages

• Would do jobs Americans shunned

• Were unlikely to complain or join a union

What countries did these immigrants come? (1880-1920)

• Hungary

• Italy

• Poland

What were the Negative Effects of Industrialization?

Long time residents’ loss of ancestral lands

Growth without development

Prosperity for non-residents

Environmental damage:

• Air and water pollution

• Disruption of ecosystem

What is the most famous family feud in U.S. history?

Hatfields and McCoys

Social Darwinism

Pseudo-scientific belief system popular in 19th century.

It is Charles Darwin’s theories of evolutions

What were the foundations of social darwinism?

• Survival of the fittest

• The weakest die off.

What did social darwinism justify?

It justified lais sez- faire economics

• No govt interference

• Exploitation of less advanced people.

What was the local color movement?

• Literacy genre popularized late 19th century

• Writers & researchers developed Appalachian Stereotypes

What stereotypes did the local color movement reinforce?

• Violence

• Moonshine

• feuding

• Tradition culture

What did the Home missionaries believe/do

• Felt mountain residents were pre-modern

• Established schools to uplift poor locals - called homeschools.

What was Yellow Journalism?

It was when reporters were focused on sensationalism (facts being optional)

The goal was to sell more newspapers

Oct. 1888: Reported T.C.Crawford covered H&M feud.

What were “Company Towns”

They were privately owned

There was 500 in Appalachia - most in WV

What were the standardized houses in these company towns?

One story box style

Modern conveniences were rare.

Outhouses

Garbage removal was rare in company towns, instead residents resorted to

Hog feeding

roadside dumping

creek dumping

What was script?

Money good only at the company store

What age were people hired for the coal mines?

Fourteen, but this was only casually enforced. Boys as young as nine were hired.

How were miners paid?

They were paid by tonnage, and not hourly wage.

For what reasons did miners usually take off work?

Spring planting

Fall harvest

Hunting season

How did operators view local workers?

They viewed local workers as shiftless and unreliable

What was the Judicious Mixture?

It was a formula to improve work force (because of local unreliability)

• Native whites

• Southern Blacks escaping Jim Crow

• European immigrants

What about mining safety regulations?

These were partially enforced. This was because mine inspector jobs were controlled by the operator (get a bad operator, you get a bad job done with safety regulations.

What was the United Workers of America? (UMWA)

They organized in Wheeling in 1890

They became a dominant force in labor history in WV.

They made little progress organizing southern coalfields.

What were key UMWA issues?

WV wages second lowest in U.S.

WV judges injunctions against labor unions.

Coal companies use of private security.

In 1912, what did Kanawha Co. Coal operators do that caused miners to go on strike?

They refused to renew contracts with union.

What were the results of the P.C. & C.C. miners who went on strike?

They were evicted from their homes

They moved to tent camps.

To stop violence, what did Governor Glasscock enforce?

He enforced martial law, and called the state militia to enforce it.

Who was Mother Jones?

Born Mary Harris in Ireland

She lost her husband & 4 children to yellow fever in 1867

Became active in labor union with organizing campaigns.

What organization did Mother Hones help create?

She created the industrial workers of the world in 1905.

What famous quote is attributed to Mother Jones?

“Hell-raiser not a humanitarian”

What allegations did the Hitchman Coal and Coke Co. throw at UMWA Organizers?

• Violation of federal anti-trust laws

• destructive wage scales

• Union could not deal in peaceful, just & profitable ways

What was the results of the Hitchman Coal and Coke (Hitchman Case) Case?

Courts ruled in favor of Hitchman, which was a huge blow to unions.

After WWI what were there campaigns against (started because of the fear of Bolshevism).

• Socialists

• immigrants

• Union supporters

What started the battle of Matewan?

Baldwin - Felts agents sent to evict striking miners from homes.

How did Chief of police, Sid Hatfield, respond to the Baldwin - Felts agents actions?

He vowed to protect the miners.

What were the results of the gun battle at Matewan?

7 detectives, 2 miners. and the mayor died. Hatfield was indicted on a murder charge.

The assassination of Hatfield caused what?

A march on Logan County to grow to 10,000+ miners

Who were apart of the miners on the march to Logan county?

Many were WWI veterans

They were identified by their red bandannas

They were nicknamed “rednecks.”

What did Sheriff Don Chafifn have to respond to this march?

He had his own private army.

What was the Battle of Blair Mountain?

The largest insurrection in the U.S. since the civil war.

How did President Harding respond

He sent 2000 troops and a bomber squadron to the miners.