C7- organic chemistry

crude oil is a __ resource found in ….?

finite, rocks

how is crude oil formed from?

the remains of plankton which were buried in mud

crude oil is a mixture of?

hydrocarbons

most hydrocarbons in crude oil is called?

alkanes

hydrocarbon?

molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

methane contains?

one carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms

ethane contains?

two carbon atoms covalently bonded to six hydrogen atoms

propane contains?

three carbon atom covalently bonded to eight hydrogen atoms

C₃H₈

butane contains?

four carbon atom covalently bonded to ten hydrogen atoms

homologous series?

a family of compounds with the same general formula, the same functional group and similar chemical properties

name of alkanes according to number of carbon atoms?

5- pent

6- hex

7- hept

8- oct

9- non

10- dec

alkanes?

are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula of C_nH_2n+2

why are alkanes called saturated?

the carbon atoms are fully bonded to hydrogen atoms

viscosity?

thickness of a fluid (a fluid's internal resistance to flow or deformation)

fluids with high viscosity flow?

slowly like honey

as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the molecules get more?

viscous

flammability?

how easily something combusts

as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the flammability of the molecules?

decreases

boiling point?

the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas

as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the boiling point of the molecules?

increases

methane, ethane, propane, butane are gases at room temperature because?

they have BP lower than room temperature

hydrocarbon fuels release energy when they are?

combusted

what happens during combustion of hydrocarbons?

carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen (carbon and hydrogen are oxidised)

complete combustion?

combustion with excess oxygen

what produces during complete combustion?

carbon dioxide + water

complete combustion of methane equation?

what are in the fractions when separating crude oil using fractional distillation?

contain hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms

crude oil formation process?

1- crude oil is heated to a very high temperature, which causing it to boil
2- all of the hydrocarbons evaporate and turn into gas
3- vapours enters into the fractional distillation column where they rise up

4- the column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at top

5- hydrocarbons condense at different levels due to their different BP

6- liquid fractions are removed

hydrocarbons with low boiling points are removed from where as what?

top of the column as gases

low boiling point hydrocarbons do not?

condense

feedstock?

a chemical that is used to make other chemicals

examples of fractions used as feedstock for the petrochemical industry?

• solvents

• lubricants

• detergents

• polymers

alkenes?

homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C_nH_2n

ethene?

C₂H₄

propene?

C₃H₆

butene?

C₄H₈

pentene?

C₅H₁₀

order of crude oil rising from lowest BP to highest?

1. refinery gas

2. petrol

3. naphta

4. kerosene

5. diesel

6. lubricating oil

7. heavy fuel oil

8. bitumen

uses of refinery gas?

• methane: cooking

• propane: BBQ cookers

• butane: camping gas

use of petrol?

fuel for cars

use of naphta?

making chemicals

use of kerosene?

jet fuel

use of diesel?

fuel for lorries

use of lubricating oil?

oil for engines

use of bitumen?

roads+roofing

cracking?

thermal decomposition of long alkanes to short alkanes and alkenes

type of bond between carbons in alkanes?

single covalent bond

type of bond between carbons in alkenes?

at least one double covalent

catalytic cracking?

high temperature and catalyst

steam cracking?

high temperature and steam

are alkenes or alkanes more reactive?

alkenes

test for alkenes?

with bromine water (shake)
alkene= colourless

balance this cracking equation?

why does combusting alkene produce unburnt carbon particles?

incomplete combustion

alkenes burn in __ with a?

air, smoky flame

reacting alkene with hydrogen (hydrogenation) produces?

alkane (double bond breaks apart)

conditions of hydrogenation?

heat + catalyst

hydration?

reacting alkene with steam in the presence of a catalyst

example of catalyst in hydration?

phosphoric acid

how can we increase the yield of ethanol?

since it’s a reversible reaction, any unreacted ethene and steam are passed back through the catalyst

reaction of alkenes with halogens?

same as hydrogen without catalyst

the double carbon carbon bond has turned into a single carbon carbon bond

how are polymers made?

joining together thousands of monomers

addition polymers?

monomers are alkenes

name of monomer?

poly (name of monomer)

monomer has double carbon carbon bond in addition polymers have?

single carbon carbon bonds

repeating units?

take two carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached

why does the repeating unit have the same atoms as the monomer in addition polymers?

no other molecules are formed in the reaction

repeating unit does not contain __ bond?

double

uses of alcohols?

• fuels

• solvents

• alcoh0lic drinks