Exam 1 Kines 202 Kramer

anatomy

the study of structure

physiology

the study of function

embryology

the study of humans from conception to birth

histology

the study of tissue under a microscope

surface anatomy

anything that you can identify on a human by look to touch

-->what we see on the outside

gross anatomy

the study of anatomy through human dissection

systemic anatomy

looks at all 11 systems of the body and how they work together

systems of the body

how many? 11

-respiratory

-digestive

-urinary

-reproductive

-endocrine

-lymphatic/immune

-integumentary

-skeletal

-muscular

-cardiovascular

-nervous

dorsal body cavities

cranial: found in the head; contains the brain

spinal/vertebral: contains spinal cord made up of vertebrae

ventral body cavities

thoracic: pleural(contains lungs); pericardial(contains heart)

abdominopelvic: abdominal(contains stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas); pelvic(contains uterus, Fallopian tubes, bladder, ovaries)

abdominopelvic regions

abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper(liver, gallbladder), left upper(spleen, transverse color, some one descending colon), right lower(scum, appendix, female reproductive organs), left lower(sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs)

anatomical position

person is standing with feet forward and shoulder width apart, palms facing forward, and looking straight ahead

ventral

bottom of the tummy(4 legged animals)

paired with: dorsal

dorsal

top of back(4 legged animals)

paired with: ventral

caudal

tail(4 legged animals)

paired with: cranial

cranial

head(4 legged animal)

paired with: caudal

anterior

front

equal to: ventral

paired with: posterior

posterior

back

equal to: dorsal

paired with: anterior

longitudinal axis

vertically oriented

perpendicular to transverse plane

plane: transverse plane

frontal plane

splits body into front and back halves

axis: anteroposterior axis

anteroposterior axis

horizontally oriented

perpendicular to the frontal plane

plane: frontal plane

sagittal plane motions

axis occurred in: medio-lateral axis

motions: flexion/extension, dorsiflexion(toes up), plantar flexion(gas peddle), running

frontal plane motions

axis occurred in: anteroposterior axis

motions: adduction/abduction, inversion/eversion, elevation/depression, radial deviation, lateral flexion, ulnar deviation, jumping jacks

transverse plane motion

axis occurred in: longitudinal axis

motions: internal/external rotation, supination/pronation, horizontal adduction/abduction, pirouette

proximal

closer to the trunk

paired with: distal

distal

further from the trunk

paired with: proximal

medial

closer to the midline

paired with: lateral

lateral

further from the midline

superior

towards the head

paired with: inferior

inferior

towards the feet

paired with: superior

superficial

outside of the body

paired with: deep

deep

inside of the body

paired with: superficial

plantar/dorsal

bottom to top of foot

palmer/dorsal

palm to back of hand

ipsilateral

same side of the body

contralateral

opposite sides of the body

varus

distal segment of foot deviates towards the midline relative to the proximal segment

-bowed knees

valgus

distal segment of foot deviates away from the midline relative to the proximal segment

-knocked knees

retroverted hips

feet are turned to the outside

-walk like a duck

introverted hips

feet turn to the inside

-pigeon toed

sagittal plane

splits body into a right and a left half

axis: medio-lateral axis

movements: flexion/extension of knee(running)

medio-lateral axis

horizontally oriented

perpendicular to sagittal plane

plane: sagittal plane

transverse plane

splits body into a top and bottom half

axis: longitudinal axis

movements: head/neck rotation

total bones in adult body

206 bones

axial skeleton

80 bones

skull, trunk, pelvis

appendicular skeleton

126 bones

bone composition

30% mineral

30% collagen

10% water

30% void space

contains 98% of body's calcium and 73% of the body's phosphorus

composed of: calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, water

bone weight

70% comes from minerals

30% comes from water

osteoarthritis

Inflammation of the bone and joint

get from overuse

Clinical degeneration of bone at the joint that causes pain and dysfunction

Treatment: usually leads to total joint replacement

Rx: NSAID's glucosamine, chondroitin

Common with aging

cortical bone

Low porosity

up to 30% non-mineralized tissue

Dense

80% of weight of skeleton

osteon

Cylindrical substructure of compact bone

Composed of concentric lamellae, houses Haversian canals(vessels, nerve passages)

cancellous bone

Trabecular or spongy bone

High porosity

up to 70% non-mineralized tissue

Wolff's Law

Bones reshape themselves based upon stress

Stress fractures are a failure of Wolff's Law

skeletal functions

-Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc.

-Support to maintain posture

-Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers

-Mineral storage such as calcium and phosphorus

-Hemopoiesis

hemopoiesis

Process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

long bone

Primarily found in the appendicular skeleton

Composed of long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends

Shaft contains the medullary canal

Where hemopoiesis takes place

short bone

Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone

Not broken very often

In wrists, hands, feet, ankles

flat bone

Usually a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attack to very thin

Ex. parietal bone of skill, ribs, ilium, sternum, clavicle, scapula

irregular bone

Includes bones through the entire spine, ischium pubis, and maxilla

Found in different spots of the body

Ex. vertebrae

sesamoid bone

Lies entirely in a tendon

In knees and 2 in each thumb and 2 in each first toe

Biggest one is the patella

projections

Something that sticks off of a bone

Ex. condyle, epicondyle, crest, head, neck, facet*, spine, process, line, tubercle, trochanter, suture

depressions

Ex. fossa, fovea, sulcus(groove), sinus, foramen, meatus, facet*

diaphysis

long, cylindrical shaft of the bone

epiphysis

Most proximal and most distal aspects of a long bone

Regions of articulation(ends of the bone)

metaphysis

Brief section between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Smallest section

Region containing epiphyseal line, growth plate

medullary canal

Hollow, cylindrical space of diaphysis

Contains fatty yellow bone marrow

endosteum

Thin membrane lining the medullary canal

Inside of bone

periosteum

Outer sheath surrounding bone except where articular cartilage resides

articular(hyaline) cartilage

Covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction

Surrounds the ends of all of our long bones

Provides push-in between bones

osteoblasts

responsible for bone formation/building

osteoclasts

responsible for bone removal or resorption

osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Most abundant cell type in bone tissue

Maintain metabolism of bone

bone modeling

New bone growth

Initial process of laying down new bone

Osteoblasts presents

bone remodeling

Resorption of old bone and laying down of new bone

Happens throughout our entire adult life

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts present

Occurs at different rates in different people and depending on age

fracture

A break in the continuity of bone

Diagnosed with a radiograph

Treatment: immobilization for 6-8 weeks, ORIF

ORIF

open reduction with internal fixation

FOOSH

Fall on outstretched hand

Causes a clavicle break

open fracture

Bone comes through the skin

Aka. compound fracture

closed fracture

Does not come through the skin

The majority fractures seen in sports medicine setting

avulsion fracture

A fragment of bone tears away from the main bone mass

Injury to a ligament or tendon that pulls a piece of the bone off

Diagnosed by a radiograph

Treatment: 6-8 weeks off, ORIF

stress fracture

Microfracture in bone due to overuse

Wolff's Law

Diagnosed through radiograph or scintigraphy

Treatment: immobilization 6-8 weeks

periostitis

precursor to osteoarthritis

osteoporosis

Decrease in bone mineral density

Typically seen in women going through menopause

Diagnosed through radiograph or DEXA scan

Treatment: exercise to increase BMD

Rx: Boniva, Fosamax, Multivitamin(C and D)

Common to slouch

cartilage

Dense network of collagen and/or elastin fibers

Highly resilient and flexible

Can withstand considerable stress or loading without being damaged

Avascular

80% water

chondrocytes

The cells of mature cartilage

Scattered in the extracellular matrix

hyaline(articular) cartilage

Found at the end of all of our long bones

Shiny bluish-white appearance

Most numerous

Provides flexibility and support and reduces friction and absorbs shock in joints

Found in: articular surfaces of synovial joints, growth plates, nose, trachea, larynx

fibrocartilage

Found in knee(meniscus)

Between the articular cartilage on your femur and tibia

Less firm than hyaline cartilage

Much thicker than articular cartilage

Responds better to a tensile/stretching force

Found in: menisci, intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis

elastic cartilage

Lines respiratory system

Contains thin elastic fibers

Maintains shape of certain structures: external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tubes(connects middle ear to the throat)

adipose tissue

Loose connective tissue

Contains densely packed fat cells called adipocytes

Found under skin, around eyes, around kidneys, within bone(yellow marrow), abdomen, and breast

Born with the same number of adipose cells that we will die with

Function: energy stores, insulation, and protection

blood

Liquid extracellular matrix called plasma(55% of blood)

Manufactured in the bone marrow

white blood cell

Leukocyte

Immunity or allergy response

Granulocytes: neutrophil(fight infection), eosinophil(allergic reaction), basophil(allergic reaction)

Agranulocytes: monocyte(fight infection), lymphocyte(fight infection)

red blood cell

Erythrocyte

Carry oxygen

Most numerous

thrombocyte

Platelet

Smallest blood cell

Look like stars

Blood coagulation

joints

Junction or articulation between 2 or more bones

Function: allow functional movement of bones, force dispersion between bones

fibrous joints

Usually synarthroidal

Immovable

No joint capsule

Bones are joined by thick fibrous connective tissue

Subclasses: sutures, gomphosis, syndesmosis

sutures

joint found in skull

gomphosis

tooth sockets

syndesmosis

Connection of 2 long bones of the body and those bones are held together by an interosseous membrane(fibrous tissue)

Long bones held together by interosseous membrane

cartilaginous joints

No joint capsule or space

Bones joined by cartilage

Either hyaline or fibrocartilage

Subclasses: synchondrosis, symphysis