HNSC unit2

The Farm-to-Fork Pathway

production-processing-distribution-retail-consumer

Main food production in priaries

grain & oilseeds, wheat, canola

Main food production in BC & ON

Fruits and greenhouse vegetables

Canada’s nationwide food production

Dairy

Main food production in Coastal cities

Aquaproducts

How farming has changed

traditional - mechanized - green revolution - precise Ag - climate smart

3 ways to enhance agricultural precision

GPS guidance, satellite imaging, soil sensors

What affects crop quality

Soil fertility, water availability, temperature and sunlight, harvest maturity, storage conditions

Immature vegetables generally contains less vitamin C than mature ones

true

farming methods beyond the field include

Greenhouses, vertical farming, frozen produce

Canada’s livestock industries include

Dairy, beef cattle, poultry & eggs, aquaculture

effects of fresh pasture grazing vs. stored feedasture grazing vs. stored feed

Slightly higher omega-3s and CLA on pasture

effects of Grass-finishing vs. grain-finishing in beef production

Leaner meat; modestly higher omega-3s when
grass-finished

Flaxseed, algae, or fish oil added to feed in egg production

Higher omega-3 fatty acid content in the yolk

Feed formulation (e.g., added selenium) in chicken production

Can shift fat profile and selenium content

Marine or algal oils in feed for salmon

Higher EPA/DHA; characteristic pink colour

omega 3 eggs, vitamin d eggs, selenium eggs, lutein eggs

Hens fed flaxseed, algae, or fish oil; UV-exposed or supplemented hen diets; selenium enriched feed; marigold extract - deeper yolk color

The major public-health concern about antibiotic use is

antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is
why responsible use and veterinary
oversight matter.

Withdrawal/withholding periods

allow
drug residues to fall below permitted
limits before meat, milk or eggs enter
the food supply.

antibiotic USE on
the farm ≠ antibiotic RESIDUE in
the food

true

Hormonal growth promoters are approved
only for

beef cattle

grass fed beef contains slightly higher _ and _ than grain-finished beef

omega 3 and CLA

Three Pillars of Sustainability

Environmental, economic, social

Challenges in Food Production

climate change, water scarsity, food waste, biodiversity loss, soil degradation

4 principles of organic farming

health, ecology, fairness, care

95 or more organic content

can be labeled as “organic”, Canada Organic Logo may appear on packaging

70 to 95 organic content can

state "Contains X% organic ingredients",
Canada Organic Logo is not allowed, “made with organic”

Less than 70% organic content

May only identify organic ingredients in the list, No organic claims allowed on packaging

Genetic engineering (GE)

changes an organism’s DNA using biotechnology
to introduce or modify specific traits

Golden rice

rice with beta-carotene, a precursor
of vitamin A, in the rice grain

HT Canola

Herbicide-tolerant (HT) canola supports reduced-
tillage farming, helping protect soil health

Canada's Novel Food Approval Process

Research & development, Health Canada review, CFIA assessment, market approval

Genetically Engineered (GE)
Species in Canada

HT canola, BT corn, HT soybeans, sugar beets, alfalfa