Religion Test 2

Who are the jinas? (2)

• human beings who have conquered their mind and achieved liberation

• serve and guides other human beings to achieve liberation

what is a tirthankara (jainism) (2)

• a saviour and enlightened spiritual teachers in Jainism who have attained liberation and guide others on the path to moksha.

• preaches non violence and no possession owning.

Are Jinas and tirthankaras interchangeable

jinas are also called tirthankaras/bridge builders or connection that integrates the four tirthas of the jain community

Who is the creator deity in jainism?

no one (lol)

• they worship some hindu deities in popular practice but generally non

The shramana revolution (4) What is it? what did it give rise to? what did they believe?

• rejected Brahmanical orthodoxy

• shramanas believed that the cosmic order is meaningless place of suffering

• must transcend this cosmos by achieving moksha

• a world renouncing movement that gave rise to Buddhism

Who came before the Mahavira?

Spiritual leaders who have achieved moksha and appeared in the world at special times when needed

who was Mahavira (direct translation and who was he to the people?) (3)

• = great hero

• he was a senior contemporary and the last of the spiritual people lineage → the final jina not founder of jainism

• considered by the jains to be the great religious leader of our age → a jina(victor)

what is mahaviras life like

born to a king and queen

lived as a householder until 30

became a nude ascetic and liberated at 42

his teachings on restraint attracted disciples and lay followers

how many jinas are per cycle and what period are we in?

24 jinas per cycle

we are in the degenerate cycle

what was the fourfold community made out of?+1 dependancy

monks

nuns

lay men

lay women

with a usual interdependence between householders(lay) and renouncers(monks and nuns)

what are the two sects of jainism? what do they stand for?

• svetambara (white clad → northern sect)

• digambara (sky-clad→ southern sect)

SVETAMBARA distinguishing characteristics of culture? (8) im sorry - what did they believe about mahavira ? what did they believe about the jinas? what do they still follow?

• abandoned nudity but believed mahavira went nude

• began wearing white robes

• womens bodies are inferior to mens because they are weak and the ascetic path more difficult

• omniscient beings still are subject to bodily demands

• believed that mahavira was conceived by a brahmin couple and then the embryo was moved to his kshatriyas parents (to justify brahmin jains conquering the world spiritually not only warriors)

• believed mahavira married and lived as a householder with a daughter

• believed mahavira to be attended by gods and godesses

• believed mahavira plucked each hair from his head to symvolize his completer renunciation

DIGAMBARA distinguishing characteristics of culture? (8) im sorry - what did they believe about mahavira ? what did they believe about the jinas? what do they still follow?

• thought nudity to be a key expression of nonviolence and nonattachment

• because of nudity women were disqualified from taking vows of renunciation

• argued that rebirth into a male body is a requirement before being able to achieve moksha

• women can achieve partial renunciation as aryiaks (noble women)

• womens bodies are inferior to mens because they are weak and the ascetic path more difficult

• omniscient jinas must have abandoned bodily needs (appetite sleep etc)

• believed mahavira did NOT marry and NO children

• believed when mahavira achieved moksha and he went full nude

what is the agama?

oral tradition of jaina canon that was memorized by his closest disciples into 14 purvas and 12 angas passed down (orally) to other disciples

what are the three main branches of Agama (scripture/literature)? (3+ their meani

the purva (=the ancient): lost texts on jaina metaphysics cosmology and philosophy

the anga (=the limbs): medicant conduct, doctrine karma and religious narratives

the angabahaya (=ancillary limbs): commentaries on the topics above

what did the svetambara and digambara disagree on about the sacred literature? (1S+2D)

svetambara:

• transmitted their reconstituted canon orally and preserved it in written form on leaves

digambara:

• argued that the agama was lost and the reconstituted canon was inauthentic

• claimed to have retained the 12th anga and put it into written form(first jaina scripture in written form)

ahimsa meaning

non violence, the most important principle and main method to achieving moksha

ahimsa paramo dharma meaning

non‑violence is the supreme path

how are jinas usually represented as (2)

• universal emperors and perfected beings

• either extremely bejeweled and rich => conquered the physical world/ deep in mediation with nothing on them => renunciation mentally

what is the issue with non violence in this world? (2)

• it is impossible to eradicate violence because any engagement with this world causes accumulation of karma

• committing to non violence means committing to non interference → full cessation of mind speech and body activity (basically try to not interfere with anything else)

Why do we constantly harm things without noticing (2)

• all life forms that possess an eternal soul (micro livings we can not see)

• any act causes them harm which harms ourselves (our jiva)

Does intention of harm matter? (1+example)

yes,

ex. if you meant to step on an ant it is worse for your jiva, if you stepped on an ant unintentionally its not as bad but still harms your jiva

what is the jiva? (do we recognize it?) (3)

• the eternal soul / true self radiating peace and observed by our unconcious

• it is beyond the world and is not connected to our consciousness

• easy to ignore because of the distractions and demands of the physical body

How do jains become free

achieve moksha by self discipline and non violence

types of people who achieve renunciation(2)

• those who have conquered the physical world(conquerers)→ householders with wealth with no hindrence

• those who have renounced and are ascetics (renouncers)

What are the six eternal substances in jainism?

(Joined) Jiva + ajiva

pudgala: activities of the body and mind

kala: time

dharma: principle of motion

adharma: principle of rest

akash: space

Ajiva and jiva (2 meanings and how do they apply to one another 1)

Ajiva: non-soul, substances without consciousness → it is the karma attached to the jiva

Jiva: eternal substances with a consciousness

the jiva and ajiva are completely mixed and inseparable like water and milk

pudgala (3) meaning and what is it?

• means pure matter

• it is all the activities of the body and mind like the five senses speech and thought

• all of our knowledge is acquired by means of pudgala and even the knowledge to free us from it

how do we achieve moksha (2) and why is it so hard to do so???

• by fully seperating from the ajiva

• we are always gaining ajiva and are entangled to it because even thought and activity causes vibrations → more sticky karma to your jiva

what are the two kinds of material karma in jainism?

punya and paap

punya and paap effect on one another(2) + meaning(2)

punya: good auspicious karma

paap: bad inauspicious karma

• They both stick to you, you dont want any karma at all neither good or bad

• each is effected by intention, if you accidently stepped on the ant that paap is easier to get rid of rather then intentionally stepping on the ant (stickier paap with intentional harm)

samvara and nirjara (what does each mean with the guidance of the one sentence) (2)

• must stop accumulating karma(samvara→ which is defensive strategies to impede new karma through non violence mindfulness and emotional control) and,

• purging (nirjana→ which is an offensive practice purge the existing karma by taming and quelling passions, so ascetisim fasting studying agamas and meditation) existing karma to achieve moksha

how does karma purge(nirjana)? (2)

• could naturally dissolve when it comes to fruition like delivering pain or pleasure, detaching from the jiva and into the universe

• could ripen and vanish prematurely(speeds up detachment of karma) through the nirjana method (so ascetisim fasting etc.)

murti jainism

religious image worship

Svetambara jainas sects (2) and beliefs (this is not in the review but im afraid she might put on test)

sthanakvasis: traveler ascetics who live outside and oppose temple based jainism + reside in halls at night in their travels

terpanthis: ascetics who oppose using halls at night and temples and would usually find a householder to live with

what are the three jewels of jainism? plus translation

The real meanings of jainism

correct practice→ samyak carita MOST IMPORTANT

correct intuition→ samyak darshan

correct knowledge→ samyak jhana

who are renouncers? what must they do before being able to become renouncers?

• those who follow ascetic discipline which heighten awareness of how they move their bodies in and through space(way of walking sitting speaking sleep etc.)

• must seek and receive permission from family and the leader of medicant order - and will not accept fragile individuals (physical emotional and mental fragility)

why do renouncers and householders have different degrees of purification? (2)

• although they can engage in ascetic practices householder are constantly accumulating new karma from working raising family preparing food or owning a house(lots of violence)

• while renouncers life is nearly impossible to gain new karma and it burns off immediately

what are the series of vows governing lives of jainas and what vows goes to each group? (3)

• vows limiting worldly engagement discipline body and guide the soul to eventual liberation

mahavratas for renouncers

anuvratas for householders

mahavratas five great vows and what they mean(must know these)

1) non violence(highest dharma)

2) truthfulness: do not hide the truth unless it causes more violence

3) non stealing: only recieving items and never taking what does not belong, no plucking fruits or flowers

4) celibacy and sexual purity: renouncing desires and repenting for even dreams cause they attract karma

5) non possession: any attachment examples→ people, places, things, and ideals

what is the involvement of ahimsa (vow of non violence) to food and its restrictions between householders and renouncers

renouncers can not prepare their own food because harvesting plants or boiling water is harm to living beings

can not accept food made for them only left overs

enforces dependence on generosity of householders

householders understand they must take on violence to support renouncers because it is an honour

non violence tied with foods and what renouncers can and cant eat

they avoid foods that are full of life like always meat and fish

extreme jains would avoid root vegetables and honey because of the big amount of micro organisms killed for preperation and consumption

usually eat before sunset to avoid lighting lamps to avoid killing bugs etc

renouncers avoid these things for ahimsa

bathing, put a mask on to not kill micro organisms from the hot air, sweeo ground to not step on anything