Memory (Chapter 8)

Memory

Persistence of learning over time through acquisition storage and retrieval of information

Recall

Retrieving information that is not currently in conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time

Recognition

Identifying items previously learned

Relearning

Learning something more quickly when encountering it a second or later time

Information Processing Model

Compares human memory to computer operations; involves encoding, storage and retrieval

Working Memory

Short-term memories combine with long term memories

Automatic Processing

Processing of information outside of conscious awareness is addressed

Explicit Memories

Conscious facts and experiences encoded through conscious effortful processing

Implicit Memories

Form through automatic processing and bypass the conscious encoding track

Sensory Memory

First stage in forming explicit memories; immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Iconic Memory

Momentary, picture image memory

Echohic Memory

Momentary sound memory

Short-Term Memory

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before information is stored or forgotten

Magical Number 7 (George Miller)

Most people can store seven bits of information (give or take 2)

Chunking

Organization of items into familiar, manageable units; automatic

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Hierarchies

Organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts

Spacing Effect

Encoding is more effective when spread overtime

Massed Practice

Produces speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence

Distributed Practice

Produces better long-term recall

Testing Effect

Retrieval practice effect or test enhance effect; repeated self-testing

Shallow Processing

Encodes information on a very basic level or a more intermediate level

Deep Processing

Encodes information semantically based on word meaning

Semantic Memory

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of two conscious memory systems

Episodic Memory

Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of two conscious memory systems

Memory Consolidation

Neural storage of long-term memory; supported by sleep

Retrieval Cues

Aid in opening memories

Context Dependent Memory

Recall of specific information is improved when contexts present at encoding and retrieval are the same.

State Dependent Memory

Tendency to recall events consistent with current good or bad mood (mood congruent memory)

Serial Position Effect

Tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memoriesetR

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to remember information from toSone’s past.

Storage Decay

The course of forgetting is initially rapid but then levels off with time.

Misinformation Effect

Memory is corrupted by misleading information

Source Amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined