Practical 3

Abdominal Aorta

This is the part of the aorta that is found in the abdomen

Afferent Arteriole

These blood vessels branch off of the cortical radiate arteries and enter the renal corpuscle to bring blood into them.

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Albuminuria

This is urinary condition where excess protein is found in urine. It usually signifies that the glomerulus is damaged, allowing protein to leak into the urine. 10mg/100mL is the normal concentration of protein

Arcuate Arteries

These arteries branch off of the interlobar arteries in the kidneys, and they then branch into the cortical radiate arteries.

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Arcuate Veins

These veins are formed from multiple cortical radiate veins, and they then form arcuate veins.

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Ascending Limb

This part of the nephron loop is going up. it is impermeable to water and permeable to solutes.

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Bowman’s Capsule

This is another name for the glomerular capsule, the thin, double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus.

Collecting Duct

This is a tube that receives fluid from several nephrons for final modification. Multiple of these merge to form papillary ducts.

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Cortical Radiate Artery

The arcuate arteries branch off into these arteries, which then form branch off into multiple afferent arterioles.

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Cortical Radiate Veins

These veins take blood from multiple peritubular capillaries and vasa recta. They empty into the arcuate veins.

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Descending Limb

This part of the nephron loop is going down, and it is permeable to water but not solutes.

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Detrusor

This muscle is part of the bladder, and it is made of collectively of the irregular crisscrossing bands of smooth muscle that make up the bladder.

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Distal Convoluted Tubule

This is where filtrate goes after the ascending loop, and it then directs fluid into the collecting duct.

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Efferent Arteriole

This is the blood vessel that takes filtered blood out of the renal corpuscle. They either branch into vasa recta or peritubular capillaries, which are both used for reabsorption and secretion into the nephron loop.

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External Urethral Orifice

This is is the external opening of the urethra through which urine exits the body. It is much longer in males than females, which is why females get more UTI’s.

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External Urethral Sphincter

This is a ring of striated skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra and provides voluntary control over urination. It is innervated by the pudendal nerve.

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Glomerular Capsule

This is the thin, double walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus. It has a visceral inner layer and a parietal outer layer, which have the capsular space in between them.

Glomerulus

This is the name for the cluster of capillaries where filtration occurs. The afferent arteriole flows into it, and the efferent arteriole flows out.

Glycosuria

This is a condition where someone has high amounts of glucose appearing in their urine because there blood glucose levels exceed the number of available sodium-glucose transporters.

Hematuria

This is the condition of an abnormal presence of blood in urine, which causes urine to be pink or red in color and signifies a serious issue.

Hemoglobinuria

This is a medical condition where the protein hemoglobin appears in abnormal concentrations in the urine. It happens when red blood cells break down rapidly inside the blood vessels faster than the body's binding proteins can clear it

Renal Hilum

This is the medial entry and exit site for structures that service the kidney, including blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters. It extends into the renal sinus.

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Inferior Vena Cava

This is the major vein of the body, and it is where the renal veins empty into.

Interlobar Arteries

These arteries branch off of the segmental arteries, and when these reach the cortex they bend and branch to form the arcuate arteries.

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Interlobar Veins

The arcuate veins empty into these veins, which then empty into the renal veins.

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Internal urethral Sphincter

This is an involuntary, smooth muscle ring located at the junction of the urinary bladder and the proximal urethra. It stops semen from flowing back into the bladder.

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Ketonuria

This condition is diagnosed by an excess amount of ketones in urine, which signifies diabetes or a severe deficiency of carbs or proteins. It is caused by the use of fats to produce energy in place of carbs.

Kidney

This pair of organs lies on either side of the spine between the peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall. They filter the blood and produce urine. They consist of a cortex and medulla.

Loop of Henle

This is another name for the nephron loop, which consists of the ascending and descending limb.

Major Calyx

These structures conduct urine into the large renal pelvis, and they are formed by multiple minor calyces.

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Membranous Urethra

This portion of the urethra comes after the prostatic urethra and before the spongy urethra. It is only found in the male urethra. It passes through the deep muscles of perineum, where it is invested by the overlying urethral sphincters.

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Minor Calyx

This is where urine goes first after the collecting ducts of the nephrons, and they lead into the major calyces.
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Nephron

These are the structures of the kidney that filter blood into urine. They include the renal corpsucle, the PCT, the nephron loop, and the DCT.

Nephron Loop

This structure of the nephron includes the descending and ascending limb

Papillary Duct

These ducts are combinations of multiple collecting ducts, and they empty into the minor calyces at a renal papillae

Parietal Layer

This is the outer layer of the glomerular capsule, and it is made of simple squamous epithelial tissue.

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Peritubular Capillaries

The efferent arterioles flow into these, and they are part of where the reabsorption and secretion take place in the nephron tubules.

Prostatic Urethra

This is the first region of the urethra, and it passes through the prostate gland. This allows the urethra to receive sperm via the ejaculatory ducts.

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Proximal Convoluted Tubule

This is the first part of the nephron tube, and it receives filtrate directly from the renal corpuscle.

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Pyuria

This condition is the presence of leukocytes in urine, and it may indicate a UTI.

Renal Arteries

These are the first blood vessels to enter the kidney, and they stem from the abdominal aorta. It divides into the segmental arteries.

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Renal Columns

These are connective tissue extensions that radiate downward from the cortex through the medulla to separate the renal pyramids. They provide a supportive framework for vessels, and divide the kidneys into 6-8 lobes.

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Renal Corpuscle

This structure includes both the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule, and it makes up the proximal end of each nephron. It is where filtration takes place.

Renal Cortex

This is the outer region of the kidney, and parts of the nephron as well as some blood vessels are located here.

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Renal Medulla

This is the inner portion of the kidneys. The renal pyramids sit in this section of the kidney.

Renal Papilla

This is the blunt point that occurs at the end of a renal pyramid. They are bundles of collecting ducts that transport urine to the calyces of the kidney for extraction.

Renal Pelvis

This is where the major calyces conduct urine into, and this structure emerges out of the kidney at the hilum into the ureter.

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Renal Pyramid

These are the functional units of the kidney, and they each contain multiple complete nephrons. They each end in a renal papilla.

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Renal Tubule

These are the tiny, microscopic tubes in the kidneys that process filtered fluid from the blood to form urine, reabsorbing vital nutrients and water while removing wastes. They are major parts of nephrons. They consist of the PCT, nephron loop, and DCT

Renal Veins

These are the two major veins that take blood from the segmental veins in the kidney to the inferior vena cava. They exit the kidney from the hilum.

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Rugae

These are the wrinkles found in the urinary bladder when it isn’t full. They allow it two stretch when needed.

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Segmental Artery

This is what the renal artery branches into, and they are located within the renal sinus. They branch into the interlobar arteries.

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Spongy Urethra

This is the last portion of the urethra in males, and it exits a the tip of the penis after passing through the erectile tissue.

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Thick Segment

These are the thicker portions of the descending and ascending loops. They are found at the top of each side of the U.

Thin Segment

These are the thin portions of the descending and ascending loops. It is found at the bottom of the U

Trigone

This is the term used to describe the triangular shaped area between the beginning of the urethra and the two ureteral openings.

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Ureter

This is what the renal pelvis turns into after exiting the kidney and slimming down. They are approximately 30cm long and consist of three tissue layers. They conduct peristalsis to move urine faster.

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Ureteral Openings

These are where the ureters enter the urinary bladder.

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Urethra

This is the terminal organ of the urinary system, which transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for disposal. There is differences between the male and female organs.

Urinary Bladder

This is the primary organ that collects urine from both ureters. It empties into the urethra

Vasa Recta

These are the less common branches of the efferent arterioles that are important for producing concentrated urine.

Visceral Layer

This is the inner layer of the glomerular capsule, and it is composed of cells called podocytes (cells with foot-like processes)

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Absorptive Cells

These are cells that line the small and large intestines, they absorb water and salts as well as vitamins produced by intestinal bacteria

Accessory Organs

These are the organs that aid the main organs of the digestive tract. They include the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Acinar Cells

These are cells found in the pancreas that secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice into tiny merging ducts

Adventitia

This is a dense sheath of collagen fibers found in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

Alimentary Canal

This is another name for the GI tract, and it is a one way tube whose main function is to nourish the body via the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Anal Canal

This is the last part of the large intestine, and it is located in the perineum completely outside of the abdominopelivc cavity. It opens to the exterior of the body at the anus.

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Antrum

This is the wider, lower-most region of the stomach that lies just before the pyloric canal and the small intestine

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Anus

This is where the large intestine opens to the outside of the body

Appendix

This is a winding tube that attaches to the cecum whose function is not fully known.

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Ascending Colon

This is the first part of the large intestine after the cecum.

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Bile Duct

This duct is where bile flows into the small intestine.

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Body of Pancreas

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Brush Border

This is what the walls of the small intestine are called because of the bristle like appearance of the microvilli