History 144 L11: The ‘homelands’ and forced removals
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27 Terms
What was grand apartheid?
Segregation via homelands, migrant labour, “separate development”
What was petty apartheid?
Everyday segregation in public spaces
Which report reinforced segregation?
Tomlinson Commission (1956)
Who was called the “architect of apartheid”?
Hendrik Verwoerd (PM 1958–1966)
Basis of homelands policy?
1913 Land Act reserves
What did the Bantu Authorities Act (1951) do?
Established tribal authorities in homelands
Citizenship status of Africans?
Denied SA citizenship; only in homelands
First homeland election?
Transkei, 1963; Kaiser Matanzima leader
Benefits for homelands?
African civil servants, small middle class, police force
Were homelands self‑sustaining?
No; only ~10% fed themselves
Which homelands accepted “independence”?
Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, Ciskei
Which leader refused independence?
Mangosuthu Buthelezi (KwaZulu)
Did the world recognise Bantustans?
No; seen as apartheid sham
From cities, what % of Africans declined?
29% to 26% (1960s–1980s)
How many evicted from white farms?
~1 million labour tenants
How many from “black spots”?
~600,000
What were “black spots”?
An area of land legally owned and occupied by Black people in regions designated by the government for white people
Homeland population growth?
1960: 4.2m (39%) to 1980: 11m (53%)
Conditions in resettlement areas?
“Dumping grounds,” rural slums, little land
Examples of townships absorbed?
Mdantsane (Ciskei), KwaMashu (KwaZulu)
How did state force removals?
Closed shops, stopped buses, bulldozers
Key laws enabling removals?
Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act; Black Prohibition of Interdicts Act
Aim of removals in Western Cape?
Keep Africans out; prioritise jobs for coloureds
Who enforced this in the WC?
Dr Werner Eiselen
Border used for removals?
Fish River
What happened in Windermere?
Africans & coloureds separated; Africans relocated
Family impact in WC?
Men in city barracks; women/children sent to Eastern Cape