Communication Fundamentals

Communication

Process of transmitting information, ideas, feelings and messages to create mutual understanding.

Goal of Communication

Understanding.

Sender

Person who creates and sends the message.

Encoding

Converting ideas into words, symbols or gestures.

Message

Information being communicated.

Channel

Method used to transmit a message.

Receiver

Person who receives the message.

Decoding

Interpreting and understanding the message.

Feedback

Response given by the receiver.

Noise/Interference

Anything that blocks or distorts communication.

Environment

Physical and psychological surroundings where communication occurs.

Context

Situation or setting in which communication takes place.

Communication Process

Sender → Encoding → Message → Channel → Receiver → Decoding → Feedback.

Verbal Communication

Communication through spoken words.

Examples of Verbal Communication

Meetings, speeches, presentations, discussions, phone calls.

One Advantage of Verbal Communication

Immediate feedback.

One Disadvantage of Verbal Communication

No permanent record.

Written Communication

Communication through written words and symbols.

Examples of Written Communication

Emails, reports, letters, memos.

One Advantage of Written Communication

Permanent record.

One Disadvantage of Written Communication

Delayed feedback.

Non-Verbal Communication

Communication without spoken or written words.

Examples of Non-Verbal Communication

Eye contact, gestures, posture, facial expressions, dressing.

Importance of Non-Verbal Communication

Expresses emotions and supports verbal communication.

Kinesics

Study of body movement, gestures and facial expressions.

Founder of Kinesics

Ray Birdwhistell.

Oculesics

Study of eye contact and eye movement.

Paralanguage/Vocalics

Study of tone, pitch and volume.

Founder of Paralanguage

George L. Trager.

Haptics

Communication through touch.

desrcribe Proxemics

Study of space and distance in communication.

Founder of Proxemics

Edward T. Hall.

Chronemics

Study of the use of time in communication.

Olfactics

Study of smell and scent.

Silence in Communication

Powerful non-verbal tool that can communicate feelings and attitudes.

Dressing Communicates

Personality, status, professionalism and background.

Barrier to Communication

Anything that prevents effective communication.

Noise Barrier

Physical distractions that interfere with communication.

Poor Listening

Failure to pay full attention to the speaker.

Emotional Barrier

Anger, fear or stress affecting communication.

Hidden Agenda

Personal motives interfering with communication.

Prejudice

Judging information before listening.

Accent Barrier

Difficulty understanding speech due to pronunciation differences.

Lack of Clarity

Unclear message causing misunderstanding.

Ways to Overcome Barriers

Use simple language, listen actively, reduce noise, control emotions.

Active Listening

Paying full attention and responding appropriately.

Constructive Feedback

Feedback given positively to improve communication.

Proper Media Selection

Choosing the correct communication method.

Information Overload

Giving too much information at once.

Effective Communication

Communication where the receiver understands the message exactly as intended.

Empathy

Understanding the receiver's point of view.

Clarity

Message is easy to understand.

Brevity

Message is short and concise.

Specificity

Giving exact details.

Timeliness

Providing information at the right time.

7 Cs of Effective Communication

Clarity, Conciseness, Completeness, Correctness, Concreteness, Consideration, Courtesy.

Conciseness

Use few necessary words.

Completeness

Include all required information.

Correctness

Information is accurate and error-free.

Concreteness

Use facts and specific details.

Consideration

Think about the receiver's needs.

Courtesy

Be polite and respectful.

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication with oneself.

Example of Intrapersonal Communication

Thinking or self-reflection.

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between two people.

Example of Interpersonal Communication

Conversation between manager and employee.

Group Communication

Communication among a small group of people.

Example of Group Communication

Team meeting.

Public Communication

One speaker communicating to a large audience.

Example of Public Communication

Speech or presentation.

Mass Communication

Communication to a large audience through media.

Examples of Mass Communication

Television, radio, newspapers, social media.

Organisational Communication

Communication within an organisation.

Examples of Organisational Communication

Emails, memos, reports and meetings.

A manager sends an email to an employee. What type of communication is this?

Written Communication.

A presenter maintains eye contact with the audience. Which concept is being used?

Oculesics.

examples of proxmity

Kinesics

A teacher uses gestures while explaining a concept. Which concept is involved?

A speaker changes tone and volume for emphasis. Which concept is involved?

Paralanguage.

Traffic noise prevents a conversation from being heard. What communication barrier is this?

Noise.

A person thinks silently about a problem. What category of communication is this?

Intrapersonal Communication.

A speech is delivered to 500 students. What category is this?

Public Communication.

A message is broadcast through television. What category is this?

Mass Communication.

A receiver responds to a sender. What component of communication is this?

Feedback.