GLOBL 1 MIDTERM

Facism

is a type of far-right nationalism, typically headed by an

authoritarian figure. It is characterized by suppression of dissent,

elimination of opposition, abuse of minority rights, and forcible

transformation of society. Italy (1922–43) and Germany (1933–

45) are classic examples of fascist regimes, but countries like

Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Hungary all featured fascist elements

in the 1930s.

Globalization

The growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by migration, an exchange of information, and trade. It happens when goods, services, money, ideas, and people move easily across national borders. An example of Globalization could be the cultural spread of the popular music genre K-pop stemming from Korea to around the globe.

Hyperglobalists

Hyperglobalists believe that globalization is creating a single, borderless global marketplace where individual nation-states are losing their power. They argue that because of modern technology, the internet, and free trade, the world is becoming one massive, interconnected economy. They believe that individual governments (like the US, UK, or Japan) are no longer the main decision-makers. Instead, they are losing control over their own economies.

Transformationalists

Transformationalists reject the idea that globalization is just Western culture taking over the world. Instead, they see it as a two-way cultural exchange where food, music, and ideas mix to create entirely new, "hybrid" cultures. Governments aren't becoming powerless, but they are being forced to adapt and restructure. They now have to share power and work alongside international organizations, tech networks, and massive global corporations. Transformationalists believe that human choices matter and that global trends can be managed, redirected, or even reversed if they cause harm

Skeptics

Sceptics also believe that economics drives globalization. They differ in that they see national governments as capable of resisting economic globalization. Skeptics argue that nation-states and national governments remain the most powerful actors. Even major multinational corporations (like Toyota or Daimler) are still deeply rooted in their home countries rather than being truly global entities. They believe globalization leaves working-class citizens and developing nations behind. Highly skilled workers or big corporations benefit, while low-skilled workers face wage stagnation and job losses as manufacturing shifts to low-wage countries.

Mcdonaldization*

standardization of procedures, tastes, and values around the world; substitution of local with global products. It describes how the principles that govern fast-food restaurants are increasingly dominating more and more sectors of American and global society. Some examples could be self-checkout kiosks and Amazon bypass traditional cashiers to maximize customer throughput and cut labor costs, mass-produced, uniform suburban housing developments use cheap, assembly-line construction methods to maximize square footage at a low cost.

Cultural globalization*

the diffusion of ideas, values, and cultural products across national borders. Movements such as Evangelical Protestantism or secular concepts like consumer capitalism and democracy have traveled far beyond their regions of origin. The internet, social media platforms (like Instagram and TikTok), and mobile devices allow instant sharing of content globally.

Culture

the shared set of beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and physical or artistic traits that a group of people or a society learns, practices, and passes down through generations. The everyday customs, language, religion, food, and social norms of a specific community or region (e.g., ancient cultures or modern national traditions). The shared conventions or lifestyle of a particular age group, activity, or social movement (e.g., youth culture or digital print culture).

Ideology

a systematic body of concepts, beliefs, values, and principles shared by an individual, group, or culture that shapes how they understand the world and guide their actions.

• Neutral / Descriptive Sense: A coherent set of ideas and goals that form the foundation of a political, economic, or social program (such as liberalism, conservatism, or socialism).

• Pejorative Sense: A rigid, dogmatic, or distorted set of beliefs that ignores contrary evidence, rationalizes power structures, or serves as "false consciousness".

Religion

a structured system of faith, beliefs, values, rituals, and practices that connect humanity to the sacred, divine, or supernatural. Belief and Worship: The devotion to a god, multiple gods, or a transcendent reality.

• Practices and Rituals: Prayer, meditation, ceremonies, and seasonal or life-cycle events.

• Moral and Ethical Codes: Guidelines for behavior, compassion, and community duty.

• Sacred Texts: Written or oral scriptures considered authoritative (such as the Bible, Qur'an, or Torah)

World religion*

A socially-constructed category in the academic study of religion used to group belief systems that are exceptionally large, internationally widespread, or deeply influential in shaping human societies. They claim or possess universally valid truths or appeal to all of humankind rather than being restricted to a single family, tribe, or local region. Christianity is an example of world religion, because it encourages individuals to follow it through historical expansions such as religious missions, and through their core principles of acceptance.

Global history

a field of historical study that examines the past by placing local events, people, and processes within broader global, transnational, and interconnected contexts, rather than confining them strictly to national, regional, or ethnic boundaries. It rejects "methodological nationalism"—the assumption that a nation-state is the only or best container for understanding social, economic, and cultural changes. t tracks the movement and exchange of people, goods, ideas, diseases, and technologies across borders (such as trade routes, migration paths, and empires).

International history

an academic field that studies the political, social, economic, cultural, and diplomatic interactions that connect countries, empires, and peoples across national borders and eras. Examines treaties, wars, foreign policies, alliances, and the rise and fall of sovereign states. Looks at migration, diasporas, trade networks, and imperialism

Mercator Projection

The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection introduced by Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It is created by projecting the spherical Earth onto a cylinder that touches the globe along the Equator. Meridian lines (longitude) are equally spaced vertical lines, and parallels (latitude) are horizontal straight lines that spread farther apart toward the poles. It remains a core tool for sea travel because sailors can plot straight-line courses easily.

3-wave theory of globalization

a historical and economic framework that divides the modern process of global integration into three distinct phases, driven by changing technologies, trade policies, and political shifts. The first wave was driven by the industrial revolution, the second post WWII (Bretton Woods), and third 1970s-present

Imperialism

a state policy or practice where a powerful country extends its power, authority, or control over other nations or territories. This control can be achieved through direct military conquest, political rule, or indirect economic and cultural dominance. The Roman Empire: In ancient times, Rome expanded its military and political dominion across Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, absorbing diverse populations under Roman authority.

Colonialism

a system where a powerful country takes physical control over a foreign territory, settles people or installs an administration there, exploits its natural resources, and subjugates the local population. An example of this could be European colonization of America; after Christopher Columbus arrived in the America’s, Europeans seized land over indigenous people and established control over their commodities.

Industrial capitalism

an economic and political system in which private individuals or corporations own the means of production—such as factories, machinery, and raw materials—and use them to manufacture goods on a mass scale for profit. Factory Production System: Traditional handcrafts and small-scale artisan workshops are replaced by centralized factories housing heavy machinery.

Global scientific (r)evolution

was a fundamental paradigm shift that transformed how humanity views reality by replacing reliance on traditional, religious, and ancient philosophical authorities with empirical evidence, systematic observation, and the modern scientific method. Classical texts from ancient Greece and Rome were preserved, translated, and heavily expanded upon by Islamic scholars, who introduced foundational advancements in mathematics (algebra), optics, and astronomy long before the European Renaissance.

First industrial revolution*

a profound economic and social transition spanning from roughly 1760 to 1840. It marked the shift from rural, agrarian economies reliant on human and animal labor to urban, industrialized economies powered by mechanized manufacturing and the factory system. An example of this is the Spinning Jenny, where workers could spin multiple spool simultaneously, lowering the costs and accelerating yarn production.

Second industrial revolution*

a period of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production, and industrialization that spanned from roughly 1870 to 1914. was driven by the widespread expansion of electricity, steel production, petroleum, and the internal combustion engine. The development of electrical grids, generators, and commercial light bulbs revolutionized daily life and allowed factories to operate 24/7.

Constitution

a set of fundamental rules and laws that defines how a country, state, or organization is governed. It establishes government structure (such as branches to divide power), protects rights, and acts as the highest law.

Primordial school of nationalism

a theory stating that nations and ethnic identities are natural, ancient, and inborn rather than modern constructs. Nations are not created by modern political or industrial systems; instead, they evolve organically from pre-existing ethnic groups, ancient bloodlines, and shared ancestry.

Modernization theory

defines nations and nationalism not as ancient or natural phenomena, but as products of the profound structural, economic, and social transformations of the modern era (late 18th century onward). Unlike primordialists (who view nations as ancient or natural), modernists argue that nations are historically recent creations brought into being by industrialization, capitalism, and the bureaucratic state.

civic nationalism*

a political identity built on shared citizenship, constitutional principles, and liberal values rather than race, ethnicity, or ancestry. It’s core characteristics are its inclusive membership. shared values, and political institutions (directed towards a democratic state rather than bloodline). United States: National identity is centered on foundational political documents (like the Constitution and Declaration of Independence) and shared allegiance to democratic ideals rather than a single ethnic or cultural heritage.

Pan-nationalism*

is a political and cultural ideology that seeks to unite separate groups of people who share a common ethnic, cultural, linguistic, or geographic identity across existing international borders. pan-nationalism aims to transcend traditional boundaries to create a larger, collective "macro-identity". Pan-Slavism: Originating in the 19th century, this movement sought the cultural and political unity of all Slavic peoples. At the time, many Slavic populations lived divided under the rule of foreign empires, such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires

Nation state

a sovereign political unit where a centralized government rules over a population that shares a common national identity, culture, language, or history within defined geographic borders.

National self-determination

the political principle that a distinct group of people who share a national consciousness (such as a common language, culture, or history) have the right to form their own sovereign state and choose their own government. The right of a people to govern themselves, manage their own economic, social, and cultural development, and exercise autonomy or self-rule within the boundaries of an existing state. Following World War I, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson championed national self-determination in his Fourteen Points, leading to the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires and the creation of new independent nations in Central and Eastern Europe.

Sovereignty

the supreme power, authority, or right of a country (or a governing body) to rule itself, make its own laws, and manage its own affairs without interference from outside nations

Soviet nationalities policy.

the set of governmental strategies used by the Soviet Union to manage its diverse, multiethnic, and multinational population. During the Stalin era, it forced mass deportations of entire ethnic minorities. Post Stalin, it Increased pressure for Russian-language education and institutional dominance, though regional ethnic identities remained deeply embedded.