Embryology kahoot

Facial region composed of the soft tissues of the cheek.

Buccal region

Powerful muscle of mastication forming part of the cheek that can enlarge in patients with bruxism.

Masseter muscle

Major salivary gland extending from the zygomatic arch down to the posterior border of the mandible, emptying opposite the maxillary second molar.

Parotid gland

Vertical midline groove located on the upper lip.

Philtrum

Vermilion border transition zone that outlines the lips from the surrounding facial skin.

Mucocutaneous junction

Small, yellowish papules on oral mucosa caused by ectopic sebum deposits from sebaceous glands.

Fordyce spots

Keratinized white ridge running horizontally along the buccal mucosa at the occlusal plane.

Linea alba

Inverted V-shaped groove demarcating the base of the tongue from the anterior body.

Sulcus terminalis

Stage of prenatal development spanning from week 2 through week 8.

Embryonic period

Environmental agents or factors, such as infections or toxic substances, that induce developmental anomalies in the embryo.

Teratogens

Solid spherical cluster of cells resulting from early cleavage divisions of the fertilized zygote.

Morula

Outer peripheral layer of the blastocyst that penetrates the endometrium to develop the placenta.

Trophoblast

Midline band formed during week 3 within the embryonic disc that establishes bilateral symmetry.

Primitive streak

Ectoderm.

Embryonic germ layer of dental enamel

Specialized migratory neuroectodermal cells that disperse throughout the head and neck mesenchyme, often termed the fourth embryonic layer.

Neural crest cells

Craniofacial malformation caused by the failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the facial region.

Treacher Collins syndrome

Enamel and shape anomalies manifesting as screwdriver-shaped Hutchinson incisors and bumpy mulberry molars.

Congenital syphilis oral manifestations

Primitive oral cavity depression lined with ectoderm that appears in the embryo during week 4.

Stomodeum

Cartilaginous rod that forms within the mandibular arch (first branchial arch).

Meckel cartilage

Thickened circular plates of ectoderm that differentiate into future special sense organs (lens, nasal, and otic structures).

Sensory placodes

Failure of fusion between the maxillary process and the medial nasal process during weeks 4 through 6.

Cleft lip developmental origin

Second branchial arch containing Reichert cartilage, innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).

Hyoid arch

Trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V), derived from the first branchial arch.

Innervation of muscles of mastication

Anterior one-third of the hard palate formed by the intermaxillary segment, housing the maxillary incisors.

Primary palate

Structure formed by the fusion of bilateral maxillary palatal shelves, giving rise to the posterior two-thirds of the hard palate, the soft palate, and the uvula.

Secondary palate

Small, white midline epithelial inclusion papule frequently found on the hard palate of newborns.

Epstein pearl

Least severe anatomical variant of cleft palate.

Cleft uvula

Initial triangular midline swelling on the floor of the primitive pharynx at the beginning of tongue development.

Tuberculum impar

Paired branchial arch swellings that expand and fuse to form the anterior two-thirds (body) of the tongue.

Lateral lingual swellings

Small pit at the point of the sulcus terminalis marking the origin and downward migration path of the thyroglossal duct.

Foramen cecum

Tongue restriction caused by an unusually short or tight lingual frenum, commonly known as being tongue-tied.

Ankyloglossia

Anatomical structure located immediately inferior to the zygomatic arch and anterior to the external ear.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Muscle that divides each side of the neck into anterior and posterior cervical triangles.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Permanent tooth located directly opposite the parotid papilla.

Maxillary second molar

Outermost mineralized layer covering the root of a tooth.

Cementum

Line of demarcation that separates the attached gingiva from the alveolar mucosa.

Mucogingival junction

Division of the pharynx located superior to the level of the soft palate.

Nasopharynx

Specialized cell division process resulting in egg and sperm cells having 23 chromosomes each.

Meiosis

Genetic condition also known as Trisomy 21.

Down syndrome

Process occurring at the end of the first week where the blastocyst embeds into the uterine endometrium.

Implantation

Superior layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc composed of high columnar cells.

Epiblast

Embryonic cavity facing the hypoblast that serves as the initial source of nourishment for the disc.

Yolk sac

Earliest physiological process of development where one group of cells acts upon an adjacent group of cells.

Induction

Pattern of tissue growth that occurs by adding successive layers to the outside of a structure, as seen in mature bone.

Appositional growth

Pattern of tissue growth that occurs from deep within a tissue, characteristic of skin and gingival tissue.

Interstitial growth

Physiological process responsible for the development of specific tissue structure or anatomical shape.

Morphogenesis

Embryonic germ layer giving rise to muscle, bone, and blood.

Mesoderm

Adult central nervous system structure formed directly from the embryonic neural tube.

Spinal cord

Number of pairs of cuboidal mesoderm segments (somites) that form along the embryonic midline.

38 pairs

Embryonic germ layer placed on the innermost side of the embryo as a result of embryonic folding.

Endoderm

Specific week of prenatal development during which facial development begins.

Fourth week

Specific week of prenatal development during which facial development is completed.

Twelfth week

Earliest major event marking the beginning of facial development in the embryo.

Disintegration of the oropharyngeal membrane

Embryonic structure formed by the midline fusion of the paired mandibular processes.

Mandibular arch

Specialized ectodermal placodes that invaginate to form the future internal ear.

Otic placodes

Embryonic facial process that gives rise to the forehead and bridge of the nose.

Frontonasal process

Paired embryonic processes that fuse together at the midline to form the middle of the nose, philtrum, and center of the upper lip.

Medial nasal processes

Embryonic structure from which the maxillary process originates via lateral growth.

Mandibular arch

Sex that exhibits a higher incidence and prevalence of cleft lip.

Males

Anatomical corners of the mouth formed by partial fusion between the maxillary processes and the mandibular arch.

Labial commissures

Total number of major embryonic facial processes that serve as centers of growth for the face.

Five processes (frontonasal process, paired maxillary processes, and paired mandibular processes)

Dentition milestone that signals the completion of major growth in the lower two-thirds of the face.

Eruption of the permanent third molars

Developmental timeframes during which the paranasal sinuses develop.

Late fetal period and after birth

Cranial nerve providing motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression.

Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)

Pair of pharyngeal pouches from which the palatine tonsillar tissue develops.

Second pharyngeal pouches

Specific prenatal week during which the palate finishes forming and fusing.

Twelfth week

Number of consecutive stages involved in the development of the palate.

Three stages

Embryonic processes that fuse together to form the intermaxillary segment.

Medial nasal processes

Embryonic facial processes from which the bilateral palatal shelves extend.

Maxillary processes

Organ that must move inferiorly and out of the way to allow the bilateral palatal shelves to elevate and fuse.

Tongue

Anatomical direction in which the embryonic palatal structures progressively fuse.

Anterior to posterior

Mature anatomical landmark on the anterior hard palate representing the site of the embryonic nasopalatine canals.

Incisive foramen

Sex that has a higher frequency and predilection for isolated cleft palate.

Females

Embryonic structure that fuses with the vertical nasal septum to achieve full separation between the nasal and oral cavities.

Final palate

Prenatal development time span during which the tongue develops.

Fourth to eighth weeks

Branchial arch overgrown by the copula during the development of the base of the tongue.

Hyoid arch (second branchial arch)

Cranial nerve responsible for innervating the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)

Branchial arch within which Reichert cartilage develops during embryonic development.

Second branchial arch (hyoid arch)

Specific teeth that develop within and are associated with the primary palate.

Maxillary incisors

Anatomical structures formed by the secondary palate in addition to the posterior two-thirds of the hard palate.

Soft palate and uvula