Exam Two

a systematic explanation of why and/or how people do what they do; set of constructs, principles, and variables used to explain or predict behavior.

behavior change theory

what are things nutritionist designing nutrition interventions must note?

understand the behavior of the target population; have tools or strategies to influence behavior; & should target a nutrition-related problem

characteristics of behavior change theories and models?

theories predict or explain behaviors of target population; provide evidence-based methods or strategies that target changes in attitudes and beliefs and behavior change.

the belief in one’s competence/capability of making a behavior change

self-efficacy

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, & termination

constructs of transtheoretical model (TTM)

individual unaware of or not interested in making a change

precontemplation

individual is thinking about making a change within the near future

contemplation

individual actively decides to change and plans a change very soon

preparation

individual is trying to make the desired change; has worked at it for less than six months

action

individual sustains change for six months or longer

maintenance

consciousness raising, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, environmental-reevaluation, social-liberation

constructs of TTM (cognitive process of change)

realizing the social norms are changing in favor of the healthy behavior

social-liberation: cognitive processes (TTM)

realizing the change is part of one’s identity

self-reevaliation: cognitive processes (TTM)

learning new facts & tips about healthy behavior change

consciousness raising: cognitive processes (TTM)

experiencing negative emotions that go with unhealthy behavioral risks

dramatic relief: cognitive processes (TTM)

realizing that the impact of the behavior on one’s social & physical environment

environmental-reevaluation: cognitive processes (TTM)

counter-conditioning, helping relationships, reinforcement/contingency management, self-liberation, & stimulus control

constructs of the TTM (behavioral processes of change)

substituting alternative healthy behaviors for unhealthy ones

counter-conditioning- behavioral processes (TTM)

increasing rewards for a positive behavior & decreasing ones for a negative behavior

reinforcement/contingency management- behavioral processes (TTM)

making a firm commitment to change

self-liberation- behavioral processes (TTM)

removing reminders or cues for unhealthy behaviors & adding ones for healthy behaviors

stimulus control- behavioral processes (TTM)

perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues of action, & self-efficacy

components of health belief model (HBM)

an individual’s perception of her or his risk of contracting a health condition

perceived susceptibility- components of HBM

an individual’s perception of the seriousness of a health condition if left untreated

perceived severity- components of HBM

perceived effectiveness of taking action to improve a health condition

perceived benefits- components of HBM

the perceived impediments to taking action to improve a health

perceived barriers- components of HBM

Explains behavior in terms of a model in which behavior, personal factors such as cognitions, and the environment interact constantly, such that a change in one area has implications for the others (reciprocal determinism)

social cognitive theory

behavioral capability, expectations, self-regulation, observational learning, reinforcements

concepts of social cognitive theory (SCT)

setting goals, self-monitoring, & rewarding oneself for behavior change

self-regulation- concepts of social cognitive theory (SCT)

knowledge & skills needed to perform a behavior

behavioral capability- concepts of social cognitive theory (SCT)

course of action chosen by public authorities to address a given problem

policy

a significant gap between current reality (the way things are) & the desired state of affairs (way things should be)

problem

process by which authorities decide what actions to take to address a problem or set of problems

policymaking

the set of problems to which policy makers give their attention

policy agenda

Providing information to elected officials to persuade them to vote a certain way or take a specific policy stance.

lobbying

problem definition & agenda setting, formulation of alternatives, policy adoption, policy implementation, policy evaluation, policy termination

steps policymaking cycle

the problem is defined and brought to the attention of the public and policymakers. issues become part of the public agenda when they are considered by a legislature, administrative agency, or court

problem definition & agenda setting

the impact of the policy & the tools used to implement it are evaluated

policy evaluation

the policy may be terminated because of loss of support because it is not achieving its goals or because it costs too much

policy termination

the tools or instruments are selected to achieve a given policy goal-namely, the resolution of the problem. the tools may consist of regulations, expenditures, partnerships, programs, or some combination of these

policy adoption

the strategies chosen for addressing the problem, using the appropriate tools agreed upon, are put into place

policy implementation

regulations/laws, cash grants, loans, tax breaks, fines, price controls, quotas, public promotion, public investment, & government-sponsored programs

tools/instruments used in policy adoption

federal level- department of health & human services (DHHS) & U.S. department of agriculture (USDA)

responsible for implementing policy related to food & nutrition issues

get elected official’s name right, limit letter to one page, write about a single issue, explain how legislative issue will affect your work, organization, or community, use logical arguments

tips on writing effective letters

number of infant deaths under one year of age per 100 live briths; is used as indicator of health status & quality of life of populations

infant mortality rate (IMR)

rates are higher than many other industrialized countries; attributed to high rate of low birthweight due to racial & ethnic differences in pregnancy outcomes

US (IMR)- infant mortality rate

primary indicators of the infant’s future health status

birthweight & length of gestation

21% “little” & 48% “too much”

recommended amount of weight during pregnancy

2-4 pounds (first trimester) & steady gain (1 pound) per week

maternal suggested rate of weight

<18.5 (gain “pounds” = 28-40)

underweight

18.5-24.9 (gain “pounds = 25-35)

normal weight

25-29.9 (gain “pounds = 15-25)

over weight

≥ 30 (gain “pounds = 11-20)

obesity

poverty, lack of access to health care, inability to pay for health care, poor nutrition, low education, unsanitary living condition, & substance abuse

important areas to address to reduce low birthweight

assessment of physical size & growth; length, weight, & head circumference are typical measurements; head circumference measures can help detect protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) & evaluate the extent of it impact on brain size

Anthropometric Measures In Infancy

weight-for-length less than 5th percentile

failure to thrive

weight-for-length less than 10th percentile

suspect for failure to thrive

excessive weight-for-length above 95th percentile

obesity

first milk secreted during (first few days “1-3 days”); thick & yellowish; infant drink 2-10 mL per feeding; provides 580-700 kcal/L; high in proteins & lower in carbohydrate & fat than a mature milk; high in proteins (secrtory IgA “antibody” & lactoferrin “antibacterial agent”

colostrum

promotes emotional bonding, protect against infection, protects against allergy development, favors normal tooth & jaw alignment, decrease obesity risk

breastfeeding benefits

iron deficiency & food allergies

primary nutrition related problems of infancy

milk for non breastfed babies

iron fortified infant formula