Lesson 10 Bacteria (Exam 3)

What is the gram stain of proteobacteria?

gram-negative

What is the largest taxonomic group of bacteria?

Proteobacteria

What is the gram stain of Alphaproteobacteria?

gram-negative

What are two bacteria that are human pathogens and belong in the Alphaproteobacteria class?

Bartonella and Brucella

Which disease is Bartonella associated with?

-Cat-scratch disease

-infects wounds

What is disease is Brucella known for?

Brucellosis which invade immune system because they survive phagocytosis

-hard to treat for about 6 weeks of antibiotics

Which two bacteria found in the Alphaproteobacteria class, are obligate intracellular parasites?

-Ehrlichia and Rickettsia

Which disease is Ehrlichia associated with?

ehrlichiosis which infects white blood cells and is commonly transmitted by ticks.

-lone star tick

Which disease is Rickettsia rickettsii known for?

Rocky mountain spotted fever. transmitted by arthropods (lice, ticks, fleas) and infect endothelial cells.

-wood tick in VA

-spotting on hands and soles of feet

Which two bacteria are nitrogen-fixing and belong in the Alphaproteobacteria class?

Azospirillum and Rhizobium

What role does Azospirillum have?

grows in soil on the roots of plants and uses nutrients excreted by plants.

-lived ON the roots

What role does Rhizobium have?

Fixes nitrogen inside the roots of plants. lives INSIDE the roots.

Which bacteria is a plant pathogen and belongs in the Alphaproteobacteria class?

Agrobactcerium

What do Agrobacterium do?

insert plasmids into plant cells, inducing a tumor (crown gall)

Which 2 bacteria are nitrifying and belong in the Alphaproteobacteria class?

Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas

What role do Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter have?

-Nitrosomonas oxidizes ammonium (NH4+) to nitrite

(NO2-) which is oxidized by

-Nitrobacter oxidizes nitrite into nitrate (NO3+)

-a process called nitrification

What is the gram reaction of Betaproteobacteria?

gram-negative

What is the pathogen Burkholderia cepacia associated with?

-degrades more than 100 organic molecules; uses them for energy

-Is a common species that contaminates equipment in hospitals

-causes infections in cystic fibrosis patients

What is the pathogen Bordetella pertussis associated with?

Whooping cough

What is the pathogen Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitis associated with?

Gonorrhea and meningitis

In which class does the Thiotrichales belong in?

Gammaproteobacteria

What does Francisella tularemia causes?

Causes tularemia aka rabbit fever. transmitted to humans via small animals (rabbits, cats, foxes)

In which class does Pseudomonadales belong to?

Gammaproteobacteria

In which class does Legionellales belong to?

Gammaproteobacteria

Which disease is associated with Legionella?

Legionnaires’ disease caused by L.pneumophila

In which class do Vibrionales belong to?

Gammaproteobacteria

Where is Vibro mainly found?

In aquatic habitats

What is Vibro cholerae assoicated with?

-Found in water contaminated with feces and naturally

-Causes watery diarrhea and leads to extremely rapid dehydration

In which class do Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus belong to?

Gamma proteobacteria

What does Vibro vulnificus cause?

-Wound infection from contact with seawater

-Leads to inflammation, necrosis (dead tissue), and exotoxin

Where are Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus found?

Found in brackish water worldwide and shellfish

Where can a Vibro food-borne infection come from?

From eating raw oysters or shellfish

What is the gram-stain of Enterobacteriales

gram-negative

The presence of which organism in food and water usually indicates fecal contamination?

E.coli

What is S. enterica serovar typhimurium assoicated with?

Food poisoning due to uncooked or undercooked food

What is S. enterica. serovar typhi associated with?

typhoid fever and intestinal wall perforation

Which class does Bdellovibrio belong in?

Deltaproteobacteria

What is the gram stain Epsilon proteobacteria?

gram-negative

Which two bacteria are in Epsilon proteobacteria?

Campylobacter and Helicobacter

What is Campylobacter associated with?

Found in cattle and sheep

May cause abortions in animals

What are Helicobacter pylori associated with?

Causes gastritis and peptic ulcers in humans

Name the oxygen producing, photosynthetic bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Name the gram stain of cyanobacteria

gram negative

What is Chlamydia trachomatis assoicated with?

Causes trachoma and urethritis

What is Chlamydophila psittaci associated with?

Causes respiratory psittacosis

What is Chlamydophila pneumoniae associated with?

Causes a mild form of pneumonia

Where are Bacteroidetes found and what can they cause?

Found in the gut and cause infection if bowel is perforated

Which bacteria looks like a spring, moves via axial filaments, and is efficient at moving through viscous fluids?

Spirochaetes

Which bacteria is resistant to radiation ?

Deinococcus

Which bacteria is Taq polymerase derived from for PCR reactions, isolated from Yellowstone hot spring, and very heat stable?

Thermus aquaticus

Name the gram stain of firmicutes

gram positive

Name the gram reaction of tenericutes

gram positive

Name the gram reaction for actinobacteria

gram positive

Which bacteria causes tentanus?

Clostridium tetani

Which bacteria is associated with botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

Where two incidences of C.botulinum be found growing?

-intestines of infants due to lack of microbiota

-wounds

What is the gram stain of bacillus?

gram positive

What is Bacillus anthracis associated with?

Causes anthrax; disease of cattle that can be transmitted to humans

What is Staphylococcus aureus associated with?

-Causes skin infections and nosocomial infections

-food poisoning, acne, toxins release leads to toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

-MRSA: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

What is Lactobacillus associated with?

-found in foods such as yogurt, pickles, buttermilk, sauerkraut

-found in oral cavity and vagina

Where is enterococcus found?

Found in human stool and is a fecal indicator bacteria

Which bacteria do not have cell walls and are pleomorhpic (many shapes)?

Mycoplasma

Which bacteria means fungus-like, has mycolic acids in cell wall, interferes with gram stains and causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium

How is tuberculosis dianosed?

Tuberculin skin test

-positive means a current or previous infection

-followed by an X-ray or CT exam to check for lung lesions

How is tuberculosis treated?

-Minimum of 6 months of drug therapy

-1st line and 2nd line of drugs

Define multi-drug-resistant strains (MDR)

resistant to first-line drugs

Define extensively drug-resistant strains (XDR)

resistant to second-line drugs

What is Corynebacterium diphtheriae associated with?

Causes diphtheria, a serious respiratory disease

How can diphtheria lead to death?

It forms a tough membrane in the throat compose of fibrin, dead tissue, and bacterial cells. This blocks passage of air to the lungs

What can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

-pneumonia, UTIs and infections in burns

Which bacteria causes nosocomial infections?

Pseudomonas

-can grow on faucets, showers, syringes, soaps, catheters, and other hospital instruments

Name characteristics of Acinetobacter

-naturally found in soil and water

-grow in pairs

-easily becomes antibiotic resistant

Where does legionella like to grow?

-grows in water and air conditioning units. creates biofilms in these. hard to get rid of.

-transmitted by inhaling aerosols

Where does salmonella inhabit?

intestinal tracts of cattle and poultry

What does shigella cause?

-causes shigellosis (dysentery), and only found in humans

What does Klebisella cause and where is it found?

can cause pneumonia and is found in soil and water

What does Yersinia cause and how is it transmitted?

Causes the plague and transmitted by prairie dogs

In which class are salmonella an e.coli found?

Gammaproteobacteria

How do Bdellovibro replicate?

elongates (gets really gone) and then twists into fragments until those fragments break off (like a sausage link). those new fragments become new bacteria.

-dont replicate via binary fission

Which bacteria has no peptidoglycan in the cell wall and grows intracellularly?

Chlamydiae

Which bacteria cause syphilis?

Treponema (spirochete)

Which bacteria cause Lyme disease?

Borrelia (spirochete)