Life span exam II

Trust vs. Mistrust (infant)

• The first psychosocial crisis in infancy that must be resolved

• Trust develops when infants learn that their basic needs will be met

infant

four weeks to one year

Understanding cause and effect (infant)

• Discovered at an early age

• a cry elicits a response from adults so the cry becomes a means of communication

• en face position

• object permanence

Memory (infant)

• infants can retain memory of a traumatic experience

• general comforting may not be enough to achieve full emotional recovery

Infant emotional development

• an infant will mimic the facial expression of the adult

• interaction between parent and infant is necessary in the first months of life and is important for later social development

Attachment (Infant)

• begins long before the infant is born, when the mother feels the fetus moving in the womb

• parents slowly develop an instinctive respose to infants’ cues

Separation Anxiety (Infant)

• begins at 6 months of age

• infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room

• by 18 months, memory development helps the child remember the parent’s image and to trust that the parent will return after an abscence

Language development (Infant)

• verbal language is both expressive and receptive

• nonverbal language

• There appears to be an innate ability to develop language skills

• preverbal stage of language development

• first words between 10 and 13 months of age

motor development (infant)

• closely related to the development of perception, emotion, and cognition

• many motor skills are dependent on the disappearance of newborn reflexes

Physical Activity (infant)

• must be provided with a safe and stimulation environment to move and explore

• early motor competence and confidence can contribute to the enjoyment of physical activity throughout childhood and beyond

play in infants

• piaget’s sensorimotor theory of development is evident in the infants play activities

• according to freud’s theory of development, the infant is in an oral phase

• by applying learned skills to environmental experinces, childre learn about the world around them

Nutrition (Infant)

• proper nutritional intake is essential to support optimum development

• the best nutrition for the newborn is breast milk, which contains antibodies and easy-to-digest fats

• usually fed on demand at two to three-hour intervals, and by four to six months of age infants may skip a nighttime feeding

teeth (infant)

• primary or baby teeth begin eruption at 5 to 7 months of age

• allow chewing of food

• nursing caries

Immunizations (infant)

• well-child visits should be scheduled after birth before the newborn is discharged from the hospital

• growth, development, health, and nutrition of the infant should be checked every 2 months and appropriate immunizations shceduled

Accident Prevention (Infant)

• Major cause of morbidity and mortality

• first injury prevention activity for the newborn is the use of car seats

• SIDS

Early Childhood

one to six years

toddler phase and preschool phase

Developmental task EC 1

Acquiring receptive language and expressive language

Developmental task EC 2

Developing social interaction skills

Developmental task EC 3

Mastering self-control in such areas as toilet training

Developmental task EC 4

Beginning to develop a self-image and sense of autonomy

Physiological changes EC

• walking

• fontanels

• weight gain

• pincer grasp

• hearing

• fine motor skills

• toilet training

Nutrition EC

• fed by adults whose eating habits may be based on ethnic cultural, folklore, or fad concepts

• adequate nutrition is essential for optimal physical and mental development in young children

• eating habits are developed during the early childhood years

Toddler language development

• develop receptive and expressive language

• first clear word and responds to simple comands age 1

• speaks fout to six words ny 15 months

• by age 2 vocabulary exceeds 100 words and two step commands

Preschooler language development

• language develops rapidly

• 5 yr/o 2000 word vocab

• speech reflects mental and emotional development

EC cognitive development

• toddler begins to use words to express ideas and solve problems

• preschool thinking involves piagets preoperational or prelogical characteristics

• gradually learn about cause and effect and how to solve problems

• major task for preschooler is to learn impulse control

moral development EC

• Learning self-control and learning to share with others

• Preschoolers look carefully at parents as models

• child will learn socially acceptable behavior through positive reinforcement and discipline

Discipline EC

• Time-out

• corporal punishment

• rewarding good behavior is the most effective technique

• the operant theory of effective discipline techniques

physical activity EC

• 60 mins everday

• organized sports

• limit sedentary activities

Play EC

• age appropriate toys

• parallel play

• cooperative play

Day care EC

• big step to develop independence

• family day care centers

• preschool centers

safety and accident prevention EC

• automovile accidents

• burns

• falls

• suffocation and choking

• poisoning

• electric shocks

• animal bites

Middle childhood

6-12 yrs

Middle childhood definition

• focus on fact more than fantasy

• major developmental tasks and positive self esteem form internal sources

• close peer relationships

• concrete to abstract thinking

• puberty

• more responsibility

MC Exercise and play

• rough and tumble

• competition

• organized sports (teamwork and physical fitness)

• excessive pressure to win is not helpful and should be avoided

• daily physical activity

• exercise induced asthma

• collecting things and board games

MC electronic media

• entertainment, communication, and education

• gamification of real world can encourage participation

• social media access exposes to innapropriate and unsafe content

• screen time should not be more tha 2 hrs

• physical fitness may suffer if social media and internet usuage result in sedentary habits

MC cognitivie development

• concrete thinking

• understand rules

• hands on learning

• stage of industry

• social cognition

three pahses of MC moral behavior

• knowledges (logic) - knowing what is right

• emotion - feeling good or bad about what is right

• action - behanving according to the rule of what is right

MC cognitive styles

• a pattern of thought and reasoning

• mnemonic techniques

• feelings of success encourage the child to continue making efforts

MC communication skills

• usually able to express themselves verbally

• often use language as an effective communication tool

• language or other communication problems cause a risk for social isolation and underachievment in school

IQ tests MC

• stanford-binet

• wechsler intelligence scale

• wechselr preschool and primary scale of intelligence

Psychosocial developmet MC

• task of industry

• peer relationships

• latchkey children

• sexuality

task of industry

• gain satisfaction from achieving even small goals

• praise is essential in this stage of development to build motivation to learn and achieve

Peer relationships MC

• begin to compare family values

• friendships with same sex peers are very important

• divorces, family violence, and other home problems can interfere with a childs achievement of developmental tasks

• can develop close relationships with friends

latchkey children

• left unsupervised after school because both parents work

• some enjoy the independence and develop maturity and problem solving skills

• other feel isolated

• after school programs

Sexuality MC

• freuds period of sexual latency

• identify with same sex parents

• ask questions related to sexuality

• sex education

Teaching techniques MC

• attention span max 45 mins

• periods of praise and occasional rewards reinforce learning accomplishments

• peer attitudes can influence learning and can enhance the application of values taught

Discipline

• should be thought of as providing age appropriate positive reinforcement of good behavior

• motivation for misbehavior should be investigated

• children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) are likely to misnehave unintentionally

• should combine reward and punishment and should be based on age-appropriate behavior expectations

• corporal punishment