Joints, muscular system, digestive system notes

synarthrosis

immobile joint

immovable fibrous joints

sutures in skull, radius and ulna, tibia and fibula

amphiarthrosis

limited movement joint

symphysis

cartilaginous joint, made of fibrocartilage

cartilaginous

pubic symphysis, invertebral discs

synovial joints

free movement joint, most common

hyaline cartilage

end of bones

ball and socket joints

3 axes

hinge joints

one axis

plane joint

allows bone to slide

pivot joint

allows movement around a single joint

knee joint

strong joint

Types of fractures

compound, depressed, comminuted

compound

broken bone sticks through skin

depressed

bone curves wrong way

comminuted

bone is shattered

healing a fracture

clot forms at break, fibrocartilage replaces clot, periosteum covers fibrocartilage to bone

osteoporosis

osteoblasts (formation) less that osteoclasts (destruction)

leukemia

too many white blood cells

Types of muscle

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

smooth

digestice tract,blood vessels, organs

cardiac

heart

skeletal

striated

actin & myosin

skeletal cells characteristics

long, thread-like, multinucleate

actin vs myosin

thin, thick

myofilament

thin actin, thick myosin

=myofibrils

multiple myofibrils

endomysium

epimysium

end of muscles

tendons (muscle→bones)

1st class lever

2nd class lever

3rd class lever

agonist and antagonist

agonist- contracts

antagonist- stretched

synergist

lesser muscle that assists the agonist in moving the bone

flexors and extensors

flexors (-) angle of joint

extensors (+) angle of joint

abductors and adductors

ab- pull bone away from midline

ad- add bone towards midline

lateral/medial rotation

lateral- moves anterior surface away from body

medial- moves anterior surface towards midline

pronation

palm down

supination

palm up, holding soup

dorsiflexion

lifting front of foot

plantar flexion

lifting heel or pointing toes down

tiptoes

origin

end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction

insertion

end of muscle attached to bone that moves during contraction

line of pull

direction of force exerted by the muscle when it contracts

greater range of contraction

muscle fibers arragned parallel to line of pull

greater force of contraction

muscle fibers arragned obliquely to line of pull—pennate

Fusiform

parallel muscle fibers in spindle shape

Pennate

feather shaped with tendon in middle

uni, bi, multi pennate

half feather, full feather, peacock feather

types of muscle fibers

slow twitch, intermediate, fast twitch

slow twitch

long distance athletes

high aerobic capacity

long energy

fast twitch

sprinters/lifters

fewer blood vessels, anaerobic, more fatigue

quick energy

function of digestive system

to process food for absorbtion

eliminate waste from process

Alimentary canal

mouth→a

tube for processing food

Layers in alimentary canal wall

1. serosa

2. muscle layer

3. submucosa

4. mucosa

5. lumen

serosa

epithelium, connective, base for muscular

muscle layer of canal

smooth muscles

involuntary

submucosa

arteries, veins, nerves, glands

mucosa

inner lining, mucous membrane

contacts canal contents

lumen

hole in center where food is found

saliva

lubricate, mucus

water+glycoproteins+antibodies+salivary amylase

pharynx sections

1. nasopharynx

2. oropharynx

3. laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

behind nasal cavity

oropharynx

back of mouth

laryngopharynx

voice box

pharynx characteristics

box of skeletal muscle with mucous membrane

esophagus

next step

peristalsis

wave like contractions of smooth muscle that push stuff through

cardiac sphincter

1 way valve at bottom of esophagus to make sure food doesn’t reverse

stomach layers

circular, longitudinal, oblique

stomach working parts

gastric glands—parietal cells

mucus—chief cells

pepsinogen

gastrin

small intestine functions

complete digestion

absorb most food molecules

sections of small intesine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

duodenum

where most digestion is completed

what increases absorbtion on small intestine

circular folds, microvilli

microvilli

extensions of circular folds

200 million / mm²

large intestine/colon function

complete absorbtion

some vitamins

feces and expellation from body

large intestine/colon size

5 feet, 3’ diameter

colon parts

cecum

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

rectum

colon mucosa

high number of lymph nodes and vessels

connective tissue of abdominal cavity

mesentary and omentum

mesentary

blood vessels

omentum

fatty connective tissue