Salts + Oxides + Hydroxides

Salt

ionic compound consisting of an anion(s) and cation(s)

acidic salts: produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

basic salts: produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

neutral salts

Hydrolysis of salts

Where a salt is dissolved in water and split into its separate ions

Given a salt, we can work backwards to see what acid and base reacted to form it. Cation (Na+) comes from base, Anion (Cl-) comes from acid

For NaCl, a strong base reacted w a strong acid = neutral salt

Strong acid + weak base = acidic salt

Weak acid + strong base = basic salt

Weak acid + weak base = need Ka and Kb values

Oxides

Chemical compound with one or more oxygen atoms combined with ONE other element type

Metal Oxides e.g. NaOH are often basic or amphoteric

Nonmetal Oxides e.g. CO2 are often acidic oxides or neutral oxides

Acidic Oxides react with water to form an acidic solution, react with bases to form a salt and water, CO2, SO3, P2O5

Basic Oxides react with water to form a basic solution, Group1 and Group2 metal oxides are typically basic, except BeO, react with acids to form a salt and water

Neutral Oxides: CO, NO, N2O, H2O, don’t act as base nor acid

Amphoteric Oxides: Al2O3, ZnO, PbO, BeO, react with an acid or base to form salt and water

Hydroxides

Contain an OH group combined with ONE other element type e.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, MgOH

Metal Hydroxides are generally basic, group 1 and group 2 hydroxides are all basic except Be(OH)2

Amphoteric Hydroxides: Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Be(OH)2

Hydrides

Chemical compounds in which hydrogen is bonded to another single element type , almost all of the elements form binary compounds with hydrogen

Notable exceptions are noble gases + some other elements

Ionic (Saline) Hydrides: hydrogen bound to G1/G2 metal, in solid form they’re crystalline and don’t conduct energy, do conduct electricity when molten, react with water to produce metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas, rxn is usually violent and exothermic e.g. NaH, CaH2, LiH, KH

Covalent (Molecular) Hydrides: hydrogen bound to a non-metal e.g. H2O, CH4

Metallic Hydrides/Interstitial hydrides: hydrogen bound to a transition metals