exam 1 kaap430 muscle and neural control

??? control itself via ANS and endocrine systems

cardiac

??? located in walls of blood vessels and internal organs

smooth

??? controlled consciously by the somatic NS

skeletal

Rank the levels of connective tissue within the muscle from most external (1) to most internal (3): endomysium, epimysium, or perimysium

epi, peri, endo

the most basic unit of the muscle is the ???

sarcormere

plasmalemma is important bc it maintains ??? and transports ???

pH, nutrients

satellite cells respond to injury and promote ??? and development

growth

The sarcoplasm of the muscle cell is unique b/c it contains ??? and ???, important for “fueling” the cell during ??? events.

glucose, myoglobin, endurance

True or False: T tubules serve as a storage site for calcium reserves within the muscle?

FALSE, they serve to carry action potentials deep within the muscle. The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is the storage site.

??? moves tropomyosin

troponin

??? stabilizes myosin

titin

??? thin filament

actin

??? thick filament

myosin

??? covers active site at rest

tropomyosin

??? anchoring protein on thin filament

nebulin

Which ion binds to troponin and removes tropomyosin off of its resting site, making it ESSENTIAL for muscle contraction?

Ca⁺

The complex sequence of events that triggers a muscle fiber to contract is called ??? It begins with the excitation of a motor nerve & results in contraction of muscle fibers.

excitation-contraction coupling

Which Neurotransmiter is released into the neuromuscular junction and ultimately triggers Ca+ release?

ACh

Muscle contraction is an active process and requires ???

ATP

what are the 3 determinants of fiber type distribution?

genetics, training factors, and aging

Identify the order in which fiber types will be recruited according to the Size Principle

I, IIa, IIx

??? muscle produces force but does not change in length

isometric contractions

??? sarcomere shortens, filaments slide toward center

concentric contractions

??? cross-bridges form but sarcomere lengthens

eccentric contractions

list 5 things that ultimately determine how much force a muscle generates

number of motor neurons, size of the muscle, frequency of stimulation, sarcomere length, or muscle’s speed of contraction

Depolarization: cell becomes less negative, ??? channels open, ??? enters cell

Na+, Na+

what will increase with increased sympathetic activity

heart rate, blood pressure, glucose release, metabolic rate, sweating, mental activity, bronchodilation, lipolysis, cardiac contraction