Anatomy Module 2: Bone Tissue Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Chapter 6: Bone Tissue, long bone anatomy, cell types, bone matrix composition, ossification types, growth mechanisms, fracture classifications, and skeletal disorders.

Ligament

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Tendon

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft and long, cylindrical portion of a long bone, composed mostly of compact bone.

Epiphysis

The expanded end of a long bone containing spongy bone.

Medullary cavity

The hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone that contains marrow.

Periosteum

The outer connective tissue covering that protects bone and houses blood vessels and nerves.

Endosteum

Membranous layer lining internal bone surfaces that contains bone cells.

Epiphyseal line

The remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) in mature bone.

Nutrient foramina

Openings in bone that serve as passages for blood vessels.

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage that covers joint surfaces to reduce friction.

Long bone anatomy

The structural layout of a long bone, including the epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, epiphyseal line, nutrient foramina, and articular cartilage.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells that can develop into bone-forming cells.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that deposit new bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells located within lacunae.

Osteoclasts

Bone-dissolving cells that function as macrophages in bone resorption.

Lacunae

Cavities in bone tissue that house osteocytes.

Canaliculi

Small canals connecting lacunae within bone matrix.

Organic bone matrix

The $\frac{1}{3}$ portion of bone matrix composed of collagen and large protein-carbohydrate complexes that contributes to flexibility and tensile strength.

Inorganic bone matrix

The $\frac{2}{3}$ portion of bone matrix composed of minerals ($85\%$ hydroxyapatite, $10\%$ calcium carbonate, and $5\%$ other minerals) that provides hardness.

Compact bone

Dense bone tissue structured around osteons as basic units, containing central (haversian) canals, concentric lamellae, and perforating canals.

Spongy bone

Porous, lightweight but strong bone tissue composed of trabeculae that respond to mechanical stress and enclose marrow-filled spaces.

Red bone marrow

Myeloid blood-forming tissue that carries out hematopoiesis to produce red blood cells and white blood cells.

Yellow bone marrow

Bone tissue consisting mostly of fat, primarily situated in the long bones of the limbs in adults.

Ossification

The process of bone formation, which begins from embryonic mesenchyme tissue.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone development occurring within a fibrous sheet, forming flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle.

Endochondral ossification

Bone development occurring from a hyaline cartilage model, forming long bones and most bones of the body.

Epiphyseal plate

A layer of hyaline cartilage where bone length growth takes place.

Appositional growth

Growth mechanism responsible for bone widening and thickening through outer matrix deposition by periosteal osteoblasts and inner erosion by osteoclasts.

Wolff's law

Principle stating that bone architecture and shape are determined by mechanical stress, summarizing 'form follows function'.

Stress fracture

A bone fracture resulting from abnormal repetitive trauma or physical stress.

Pathological fracture

A bone fracture occurring in bone weakened by disease, such as osteoporosis.

Closed fracture

A fracture where the skin is not broken; formerly termed a simple fracture.

Open fracture

A fracture where the skin is broken and bone protrudes or a wound extends to the bone; formerly termed a compound fracture.

Complete fracture

A fracture in which the bone is broken into two or more separate pieces.

Incomplete fracture

A partial fracture that extends partway across a bone, with bone pieces remaining joined.

Nondisplaced fracture

A fracture in which bone fragments retain their correct anatomical alignment.

Displaced fracture

A fracture in which bone fragments are shifted out of proper anatomical alignment.

Comminuted fracture

A fracture in which the bone breaks into three or more pieces.

Greenstick fracture

A fracture where the bone bends on one side and suffers an incomplete break on the opposite side.

Hairline fracture

A fine crack in bone where sections stay aligned; common in the skull.

Impacted fracture

A fracture in which one bone fragment is driven into the marrow cavity or spongy bone of another fragment.

Depressed fracture

A fracture where the broken bone segment forms a concavity, typically seen in skull fractures.

Linear fracture

A fracture extending parallel to the long axis of the bone.

Transverse fracture

A fracture extending perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

Oblique fracture

A diagonal fracture whose break angle lies between linear and transverse directions.

Spiral fracture

A fracture spiraling around the long axis of a bone due to twisting stress.

Osteoporosis

Bone disease driven by reduced estrogen levels that lessen osteoclast inhibition, causing excess bone resorption, reduced bone mass, and increased risk of pathological fractures.

Acromegaly

Skeletal disorder caused by hypersecretion of adult growth hormone, leading to thickening of bones and soft tissues, particularly in the face, hands, and feet.

Osteitis deformans

Also known as Paget disease, a disorder marked by excessive osteoclast activity and bone resorption followed by disorganized osteoblast deposition, producing weak, deformed bones.

Osteosarcoma

Bone cancer occurring predominantly in limb bones of adolescents and young adults, forming large tumors near the knee that frequently metastasize to lungs.

Rickets

Childhood disease of defective bone mineralization caused by insufficient sunlight, vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, producing bone softening and weight-bearing lower limb deformity.