Nervous System

Review

Characteristics of somatic nervous System?

voluntary control, effector organs are skeletal muscles, neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, axons are heavily myelinated, pathways do not require ganglia

Characteristics of autonomic nervous system?

involuntary control, effector organs are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinehphrine, only some axons are myelinated, pathways require ganglia

In the sympathetic division in the autonomic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is released before the ganglion? What about after the ganglion?

acetylcholine, norepinephrine

In the sympathetic division in the autonomic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is released before the adrenal medulla? What about after?

acetylcholine, norepinephrine and epinephrine

In the parasympathetic division in the autonomic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is released before and after the ganglion?

acetylcholine

In the Somatic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is being released?

acetylcholine

What is a ganglia?

collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

What are the 3 different types of ganglia?

lateral ganglia, collateral ganglia, and terminal ganglia

Which division of the autonomic nervous system starts with a short axon and the second one is long? Why?

sympathetic, the first axon goes from the initial organ to the lateral ganglia which is close, and the second axon goes to the second organ which is further

In the sympathetic nervous system, where is the CNS origin?

thoracolumbar

In the parasympathetic nervous system, where is the CNS origin?

craniosacral

True or False: Parasympathetic nervous system only uses terminal ganglion.

True

What area of the brain where perception, learning, discrimination of stimuli and movement is initiated?

cerebrum

What is the relay station to the cerebral cortex where most sensory pathways synapse?

thalamus

What area of the brain is the location for decussation of motor pathways?

medulla oblongata

What is the master gland of the body?

pituitary gland

True or False: Cranial nerves are paired nerves.

True

True or False: An action potential traveling toward a synapse opens calcium calcium ion channels at the end of the axon, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles with the axonal membrane?

True

True or False: The cerebral cortex is gray matter.

True

True or False: Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the thalamus.

True

Neurotransmitters substances are released

by axon endings of presynaptic neurons

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage which has caused injury and nonfunctioning of the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result:

He cannot voluntarily move his left arm or hand or foot

Nerve impulses are conveyed away from the cell body towards the synapse by the:

axon

During an infection of the central nervous system, it would be expected that there would be an increase in the number of:

microglia

The identification of a sensation being pleasant or unpleasant occurs in the:

thalamus

These cells connect the blood supply to neurons in the CNS:

astrocytes

Unipolar neurons:

are sensory, may be located in the dorsal root ganglion

The external connective tissue wrapping of a spinal nerve is known as the:

epineurium

If an anterior root of a spinal nerve was cut, what would be the result in the regions supplied by the nerve?

complete loss of movement

In order for a sensory impulse to travel from receptor in the hand to the cerebral cortex, it must be conducted by:

at least three neurons

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be found in:

the dorsal gray horn, the dorsal root ganglion

White matter consists of:

myelinated axons of neurons

A group of neuron cell bodies located in the cerebral cortex from the origin an important pathway. This pathway would:

not pass through the thalamus

A group of neuron cell bodies located in the cerebral cortex from the origin an important pathway. This pathway would:

end in a skeletal muscle

Fibers of a sensory neuron in a reflex arc are found within the right 1st lumbar nerve. The motor fibers for that same reflex are also found in the right 1st lumbar nerve. Select the item from the following list that correctly describes the reflex arc:

ipsilateral

Fibers of a sensory neuron in a reflex arc found within the right 1st lumbar nerve. The motor fibers for that same reflex are also found in the right 1st lumbar nerve. Select the item from the following list that correctly describes the reflex arc:

does not involve cerebral activity

What substance does the adrenal medulla release and what division of the nervous system is involved?

epinephrine / sympathetic

The sympathetic nervous system has:

lateral ganglia, collateral ganglia

A plexus is formed by:

ventral rami

Terminal ganglia are associated with this division of the autonomic nervous system:

parasympathetic

Dilation of pupils would be a ______ response.

sympathetic

Increased epinephrine secretions would be a _______ response.

sympathetic

Require lateral ganglia:

sympathetic

Postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine:

Parasympathetic

What involves the adrenal medulla:

sympathetic

Parasympathetic or Sympathetic: Site of CNS origin is thoracolumbar:

sympathetic

Parasympathetic or Sympathetic: Requires both acetylcholine and norepinephrine:

Sympathetic

Choose all of the following which are true of the Somatic nervous system:

only one neuron leaving the CNS is required to reach the effector, release acetylcholine, the effector is a skeletal muscle

What part of the brain is the site of consciousness in the nervous system, this is where stimuli is detected and decisions are made?

cerebrum

True or False: The cerebral cortex consists of gray matter (synapses occur in gray matter).

True

True or False: The thalamus consists of white matter.

False: It consists of gray matter.

What does the pituitary gland attach to?

hypothalamus

What part of the brain is the site for skeletal muscle coordination, it controls balance and proprioception?

cerebellum

What is a plexus?

A network of converging nerves just lateral to the spinal cord

What are the cervical plexus characteristics?

Consists of spinal nerves C1, C2, C3, C4, and some fibers from C5, Serves the head, neck, ear, and body trunk, Phrenic nerve

What are the brachial plexus characteristics?

Consists of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1, Serves the arm, Median nerve, Ulnar Nerve, Radial Nerve, Palmar digital nerves

What are the lumbar plexus characteristics?

Consists of spinal nerves T12, L1, L2, L3, L4, Serves the anterior leg, Oburator nerve, Femoral nerve

What are the sacral plexus characteristics?

Consists of spinal nerves L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4, Serves the posterior leg, Sciatic nerve, common fibular nerve, tibial nerve

What brings information into the CNS?

sensory (afferent)

What brings information out of the CNS?

motor (efferent)

Define “Rami” and distinguish between the dorsal and ventral ramus.

• After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve splits into branches termed rami
  • The posterior/dorsal ramus innervates the deep muscles and skin of the back
  • The anterior/ventral ramus innervates the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk and the
  upper and lower limbs