ANAT 315 midterm

what is the end of a long bone called

epiphysis

what is the shaft of a long bone called

diaphysis

endosteum

inner vascular membrane in tissue of bones

periosteum

outer fibrous coating in tissue of bones

2 types of joints

solid and synovial

types of solid joints

fibrous and cartilaginous

types of synovial joints

nonaxial, biaxial, uniaxial, multiaxial

synchondrosis

bone-hyaline cartilage-bone

symphysis

bone-fibrocartilage-bone

structure of skeletal muscle (smallest to largest)

sarcomere myofibrils myofibers fascicles muscle

isometric muscle contraction

no movement

concentric muscle contraction

decrease in muscle length

eccentric muscle contraction

increase in muscle length

connective tissue of skeletal muscle (outside to inside)

epimysium perimysium and endomysium

agonist vs antagonist muscles

agonist is prime mover and antagonist opposes agonist

primary curvature of the spine

thoracic and sacral - kyphotic

secondary curvatures of the spine

cervical and lumbar - lordotic

where do spinal nerves C1 to C7 exit

above same numbered vertebra

where does spinal nerve C8 exit

between C7 and T1

where do T1 and lower spinal nerves exit

below same numbered vertebra

what makes cervical vertebra unique

bifid spinous process except for C7, uncinate process from C3-C7, transverse foramen

what makes thoracic vertebra unique

long spinous process and costal facets

atlas

C1

axis

C2

difference between atlas and axis

atlas has lateral masses and posterior/anterior arches

axis has dens

what does the sacral hiatus transmit

S5 and coccygeal nerve roots

atlanto-occipital joint

between atlas and occiput (skull)

atlantoaxial joint

between C1 and C2

uncovertebral joint

between uncinate processes of C3-C7

intervertebral joint

between vertebral bodies

zygapophyseal joint

between superior and inferior articular facets of vertebra

what movement does atlanto-occipital joint limit/allow

limits lateral flexion/extension and allows head flexion/extension

what movement does atlantoaxial joint allow

rotation of head

movement posterior longitudinal ligament resists

sagittal flexion

movement anterior longitudinal ligament resists

sagittal extension

nuchal ligament

C7 spinous process to occiput

where do the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments run

between spinous processes or along tips of spinous processes

ligamentum flavum

connects adjacent laminae; limits sagittal flexion

intertransverse ligament

between transverse processes; limits lateral flexion

functional schematic of nervous system

sensory/afferent inbound stimuli → CNS → motor/efferent outbound action

dendrite

receives information

neuron cell body

processes information

axon

carries electrical signal

synapses

transfers information chemically

myelin sheath

insulate axons increasing the speed of electrical impulses

spinal nerves

mixed peripheral nerves containing sensory and motor axons

where are somatic sensory neuron cell bodies

outside spinal cord

where are somatic motor neuron cell bodies

inside spinal cord

spinal nerve order

rootlets → roots → spinal nerve → rami

small motor units

fine control

large motor units

force production

meninges of spinal cord from outer to inner

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

meningeal spaces

epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space

epidural space

fat, injection site

subarachnoid space

cerebrospinal fluid, lumbar puncture

extrinsic back muscles function

produce/control movement of upper limb and respiration

extrinsic back muscles innervation

anterior rami of spinal nerves

intrinsic back muscles function

movement and support of vertebral column

intrinsic back muscles innervation

posterior rami of spinal nerves

trapezius functions

neck extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation

trapezius innervation

spinal accessory nerves

latissimus dorsi functions

spine extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion

latissimus dorsi innervation

thoracodorsal nerve C6-C8

levator scapulae function

cervical spine extension and ipsilateral lateral flexion

levator scapulae innervation

dorsal scapular nerve C5

rhomboid major and minor functions

retraction, elevation, spine extension, ipsilateral flexion

rhomboid major and minor innervation

dorsal scapular nerve C5

serratus posterior superior function

elevates and depresses ribs

serratus posterior superior innervation

T2-T5

serratus posterior inferior function

elevates and depresses ribs

serratus posterior inferior innervation

T9-T12

erector spinae muscles from lateral to medial

iliocostalis, longissmius, spinalis

erector spinae muscle functions

spine extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion

erector spinae muscles innervation

posterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves

transversospinalis group

semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus

semispinalis region

capitis, cervicis, throacis

rotatores region

thoracic

multifidus region

lumbar

interspinalis function

extension/stabilization of spine

intertransversarii function

ipsilateral lateral flexion and stabilization of spine

levatores costarum function

rib elevator

superficial posterior neck muscles

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis functions

ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation

deep posterior neck muscles

rectus capitis posterior major and minor, obliquus capitis superior and inferior

RCP major and minor & OC superior and inferior innervation

suboccipital nerve

superomedial border of suboccipital triangle

rectus capitis posterior MAJOR

superolateral border of suboccipital triangle

obliquus capitis superior

inferolateral border of suboccipital triangle

obliquus capitis inferior

contents of suboccipital triangle

vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve

sternocleidomastoid function

head extension, spine flexion, contralateral rotation

sternocleidomastoid innervation

spinal accessory nerve

rectus capitis lateralis and anterior function

ipsilateral later flexion and ipsilateral rotation

rectus capitis lateralis and anterior innervation

C1-C2

longus capitis function

head flexion

longus capitis innervation

C1-C3

longus coli function

spinal flexion

longus coli innervation

C2-C6

scalene muscle function

rib elevation, spine flexion, ipsilateral later flexion

scalene muscle innervation

C3-C8

where does the brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass

between anterior and middle scalene