Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Gross Motor Skills

boys outperform girls on average; but children who are equally active have minimal variation between the genders

Fine Motor Skills

advances are due to increased amounts of myelin in the brain between ages 6 and 8

Child-onset fluency disorder

stuttering

Dyslexia

reading disorder

Dyscalculia

difficulty with math

Dysgraphia

difficulty in handwriting

Concrete Operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically

Decentering

ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

Encoding, Storage, retrieval

record information

study

taking a test

Metamemory

understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood

Mnemonics

formal techniques. for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered

Cooperative Learning

working together in groups to achieve a common goal

Reading stages

0: essential prerequisites for reading

1: phonological recording skill

2: reading aloud with fluency

3: reading as mean to an end

4: read and process information with multiple points of view

Culture

sets of behaviors, beliefs, values and expectations

Pluralistic society model

U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features

fluid intelligence

intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning and memory

Crystallized Intelligence

accumulation of information, skills and strategies that people have learned thought experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations

Mainstreaming

exceptional children are integrated as much as possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with broad education

Familial intellectual disability

no apparent cause, but there is a history in the family

Fetal alcohol Syndrome

produced by a mother's use of alcohol while pregnant

Mild Intellectual Disability

IQ scores range from 50-70

Moderate Intellectual Disability

IQ scores range from 35-55

Severe intellectual disability

IQ scores range 20-40

Profound Intellectual Disability

IQ scores range 20-25