Unit 3 Part 1: Marathon Man (Digestive System, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration)

What are the main parts of the human digestive system?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

What is emesis?

Emesis is the act of vomiting.

What does the Iodine test indicate?

The Iodine test indicates the presence of starch.

What does Benedict's Solution test for?

Benedict's Solution tests for reducing sugars.

What does Biuret's Solution test for?

Biuret's Solution tests for proteins.

How can lipids be tested?

Lipids can be tested using a paper bag test.

What is hydrolysis?

The chemical breakdown of a macromolecule (starch or protein) due to reaction with water. Ex. amylase digests starch into maltose.

What is dehydration synthesis?

Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water. Ex. making maltose by joining 2 glucose molecules together.

What is amylase?

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose.

What is pepsin?

An active form of pepsinogen that digests proteins. It works best in an acidic environment.

What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Enzymes speed up reactions and act like a lock and key.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?

Endothermic reactions absorb energy, while exothermic reactions release energy.

What is activation energy?

Activation energy is the energy required to start a chemical reaction.

What is a substrate in enzymatic reactions?

A substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts upon.

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

The enzyme-substrate complex is formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

What are the optimal conditions for enzyme function?

Optimal conditions include specific temperature and pH levels.

What is denaturation in enzymes?

Denaturation is the process by which an enzyme loses its 3-dimensional shape and, thereby, loses its optimal function.

What are the main parts of the mitochondria involved in cellular respiration?

Matrix, cristae, and inner membrane space.

What is the overall reaction for aerobic cellular respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP.

How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, while aerobic respiration requires oxygen.

What are the stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.

What are the products of glycolysis?

ATP and pyruvate.

What is produced during the Krebs Cycle?

Carbon Dioxide.

What is produced during the Electron Transport Chain?

Oxygen and lots of ATP through ATP synthase.

How many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule?

Approximately 36 to 38 ATP.